Polyaniline

Graphite (particle size <20 µm), polyaniline (PANI; emeraldine base, average molecular weight ~50,000), Acid Blue 129 (dye content 25%), hydrochloric acid (35 wt %), sulfuric acid (96 wt %), potassium permanganate (99.5 wt %), and hydrogen peroxide (30 wt %) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Deionized water (18.2 MΩ·cm) was obtained by an ELGA purelab flex system (ELGA, Veolia Water, Marlow, UK) and was used in all experiments.

Graphene oxide (GO), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Mw ~ 996,000 g·mol⁻¹, polyaniline (PANI, emeraldine base) Mw ~ 100,000 g·mol⁻¹, camphor-10-sulfonic acid (HCSA, 98%), N,N dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), chloroform (CHCl₃, ≥99%), ethylenediamine (EDA, ≥99%), were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (Oakville, ON, Canada ). Deionized (DI) water was used for all the experiments.

Flucarbazone-sodium (99.0% purity) was supplied by Arysta Lifescience Co., Ltd., Yantai, China. Cyromazine, bispyribac sodium, diquate dibromide, and dinotefuran, were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmCbH (Berlin, Germany). Polyaniline (emeraldine salt) (Average M_w > 15,000, 3–100 μm particle size), methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), tetra-dodecyl ammonium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate (ETH 500), aliquat 336 and acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). High molecular weight poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were obtained from Fluka AG (Buchs, Switzerland).
A 10⁻² M flucarbazone solution was prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of the pure form of the pesticide in 100 mL of distilled water and the pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 7 using 30 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The dilutions of FLU (10⁻³–10⁻⁷ M) were prepared in 30 mM PBS, pH 7.

Polyaniline (PANi, Emeraldine base, M_W = 100,000 Da), polyacrylonitrile (PAN, M_W = 100,000 Da), camphor sulfonic acid (CSA), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, isopropanol, monochloroacetic acid, ethanol, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glutaraldehyde and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Chitosan (CTS) extracted from the crab shell with a medium weight and degree of deacetylation of > 90% was bought from Bio Basic Inc. (Canada). Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and trypsin/EDTA solution were purchased from Gibco (USA).

Cyromazine (98.5%), bispyribac sodium, diquate dibromide, melamine, acetamipride, dinotefuran, imidachloprid, flucarbazone, and atrazine were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Stuttgart, Germany). Polyaniline (emeraldine salt) (Average M_w > 15,000, 3–100 μm particle size), methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), potassium tetrakis (3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) borate (KTFPB), and acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). High molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were obtained from Fluka AG (Buchs, Switzerland). Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was freshly distilled prior to use. For pesticide technical formulation, a nominee-kz, 3% soluble liquid (SL) of Cyromazine, was purchased from Kafr El-Zayat Pesticides and Chemicals Company (Gharbia, Egypt). All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade and used without any further purification. A stock Cyromazine solution (10⁻² M) was prepared by dissolving 0.166 g pure Cyromazine in 100 mL distilled water and the pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 3.5 using 0.1 M acetic acid. Dilutions of CYR (10⁻³–10⁻⁷ M) were prepared in 50 mM acetate solution, pH 3.5.

Bispyribac sodium (99%), Diquate dibromide (98.3%), Dimethoate (98%) and Cyromazine (98.5%) were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Germany). Methomyl (98.5%) and Oxamyl (99%) were purchased from Fluka (Ronkonkama, NY). Polyaniline (emeraldine salt) (average M_w > 15,000, 3–100 μm particle size), methacrylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), acetonitrile and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aliquat 336 was purchased from Acros (Spain). High molecular weight poly (vinylchloride) (PVC), dioctyl phthalate (DOP) was obtained from Fluka AG (Buchs, Switzerland). Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was freshly distilled prior to use. For pesticide technical formulation, a Nominee-kz, 3% soluble liquid (SL) of Bispyribac sodium, was purchased from Kafr El-Zayat Pesticides& Chemicals Company (Gharbia, Egypt). All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade and used without any further purification.
A stock Bispyribac sodium solution (10⁻² M) was prepared by dissolving 0.45 g pure Bispyribac sodium in 100 mL distilled water. Working solutions (10⁻²–10⁻⁶ M) were prepared by accurate dilutions and stored in brown bottles.

ITO, l-tyrosine (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), polyaniline (emerladine salt, average M_w > 15 000, Sigma-Aldrich), tetrachloroauric(iii) acid (HAuCl₄, Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%wt), l-ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), graphite powder, phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were purchased and used as recieved. For all experiments, DIW was used.