Ingeo biopolymer

MAX phase (Ti₃AlC₂) (Carbon-Ukraine Co., Kiev, Ukraine), lithium fluoride (Sigma-Aldrich, Co., Burlington, MA, USA), and hydrochloric acid (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany) were used in the synthesis of the filler particles, MXene. In addition, to obtain the composites, a poly lactic acid matrix, (PLA, IngeoTM Biopolymer 2003D NatureWorks, Plymouth, MN, USA) and dichloromethane (labkem, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain) were used. S. enterica (ATCC 35664) obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Washington D.C., MD, USA) and L. monocytogenes obtained from a sample retrieved in the University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias were used in the antibacterial activity tests. fHDF/TER166 human fibroblasts (Evercyte, Vienna, Austria) were used in the cytotoxicity assay.

The poly(lactic acid) (PLA) used was Ingeo^TM Biopolymer, commercial-grade 6201D, supplied by NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA). The pellet’s density was 1.24 g/cm³, the melt flow index was 15–30 g/10 min measured at 210 °C, and it contained 2% of D-lactic acid. The poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was a commercial-grade Biocosafe^TM 2003 F, supplied by Xinfu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Zhejiang, China) and it was characterized by a density of 1.25 g/cm³ and a melt flow index < 6 g/10 min at 190 °C. As the additive, gum rosin (GR), supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Mostoles, Spain), was used.