Anhydrous chlorobenzene

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Anhydrous chlorobenzene is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound. It is a widely used solvent and an intermediate in various chemical processes.

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Chlorobenzene (240 citations) Anhydrous chlorobenzene (CB) (6 citations)

13 protocols using anhydrous chlorobenzene

Synthesis of Perovskite Solar Cell Materials

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Tin (IV) oxide (SnO₂, 15% in H₂O colloidal dispersion) was purchased
from Alfa Aesar. The MAPbI₃ perovskite precursors, lead
(II) iodide (PbI₂, 99%) and methylene ammonium iodide (MAI,
97%), were purchased from TCI. N2,N2,N2′,N2′,N7,N7,N7′,N7′-octakis
(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9′- spirobi[9H-fluorene]-2,2′,7,7′
tetramine (spiro-OMeTAD, 99%) were all purchased from Borun Chem.
Exfoliated GO, dodecyl amine (DDA, ≥ 99%), glycine (≥99%),
anhydrous DMF (99.8%), anhydrous DMSO (≥ 99.5%), anhydrous
ethyl acetate (99.8%), anhydrous acetonitrile (99.8%), anhydrous toluene
(99.8%), anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%), and anhydrous hexane (95%)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company. All the chemicals and reagents
are directly used without any further purification.

Khorshidi E., Rezaei B., Kavousighahfarokhi A., Hanisch J., Reus M.A., Müller-Buschbaum P, & Ameri T. (2022). Antisolvent Additive Engineering for Boosting Performance and Stability of Graded Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Using Amide-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14(49), 54623-54634.

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Fabrication of Nd-doped Perovskite Solar Cells

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Nd₂O₃ (99.5%) was purchased
from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. PEDOT:PSS (Clevios
PH1000) was purchased from Heraeus Precious Metals North America.
PEO (with a molecular weight (M_w) of 500
g mol^–1) was purchased from Scientific Polymer Inc.
PC₆₁BM (99.5%) was purchased from Solenne BV. Lead iodide
(PbI₂, 99.999%, beads), anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH, 99.5%), anhydrous chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%), and
anhydrous toluene (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals
were used as received without further purification. Methylammonium
iodide (CH₃NH₃I) and LiSPS were synthesized
in our labortary.^{18 (link),19 (link)} NdCl₃ precursor solution
was prepared by adding Nd₂O₃ into HCl (37% w)
with an accurate stoichiometric ratio and then accompany with the
addition of DMF solvent. The Nd-doped PbI₂ precursor solution
was prepared by mixing NdCl₃ precursor solution with 0.87
M PbI₂ in DMF with the fixing molar ratio of Nd to Pb equal
to 0.5%.

Zheng L., Wang K., Zhu T., Liu L., Zheng J, & Gong X. (2019). Solution-Processed Ultrahigh Detectivity Photodetectors by Hybrid Perovskite Incorporated with Heterovalent Neodymium Cations. ACS Omega, 4(14), 15873-15878.

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Synthesis of Lead-based Perovskite Photovoltaics

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Lead(ii) bromide (PbBr₂, 99.999% trace metal basis), lead(ii) iodide (PbI₂, 99.999% trace metal basis), cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃, reagent plus, 99%), octadecene (ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OAm, 70%), and oleic acid (OAc, 90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hexane (fraction from petroleum) and methyl acetate (MeOAc, synthesis grade) were purchased from Merck. FTO (TCO 22-7, 2.2 mm thickness) and Ti-nanoxide (T/SP, particle size 20 nm) were purchased from Solaronix. Titanium isopropoxide (>97%), spiro-MeOTAD (>99%), bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (99.95%), 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP, 96%), tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine) cobalt(iii) (>99%), and anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Ghosh D., Chaudhary D.K., Ali M.Y., Chauhan K.K., Prodhan S., Bhattacharya S., Ghosh B., Datta P.K., Ray S.C, & Bhattacharyya S. (2019). All-inorganic quantum dot assisted enhanced charge extraction across the interfaces of bulk organo-halide perovskites for efficient and stable pin-hole free perovskite solar cells †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental methods, supplemental discussion, UV-Vis and PL of QDs, FESEM, AFM, TEM and STEM-HAADF mapping, additional current density–voltage curves, stability plots, EIS analysis, UPS and XPS analysis, and fs-TAS setup and spectra. See DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01183h. Chemical Science, 10(41), 9530-9541.

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Fabrication of Graphene-Perovskite Hybrid Devices

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The fabrication began with 300 nm thick SiO₂ grown via a dry oxidation process on heavily doped p-type silicon substrates. Prior to graphene transfer, substrates were first coated with ODTS on SiO₂55 . The graphene sheet was grown via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process on a copper foil56 (link), and was transferred utilizing the PMMA-assisted method to ODTS-modified SiO₂ substrates as the channels of GFETs. Monolayer graphene was identified by Raman spectroscopy (see Supplementary Fig. S6). The interdigital electrodes (Cr 3 nm/Au 30 nm) with channel length of 3 μm and width of 1200 μm were thermally deposited using standard electron-beam lithography. A PbI₂ (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich) film with 65 nm thickness was first thermally deposited onto target substrates in a high vacuum chamber (base pressure ∼10⁻⁶ Torr), then MAI (>98%, Dyesol) was evaporated in a glove box to form the MAPbI₃ perovskite (see Supplementary Fig. S7). The transformed perovskite film after cooling was rinsed with anhydrous isopropanol45 (link)57 (link) (99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich) to remove MAI residues on the top surface, dried and annealed45 (link). PMMA (average molecular weight ∼350,000, Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich) (10 mg/ml) was spin-coated on the top of the perovskite layer at 3000 r.p.m. for 30 s to improve the device stability45 (link).

Chang P.H., Liu S.Y., Lan Y.B., Tsai Y.C., You X.Q., Li C.S., Huang K.Y., Chou A.S., Cheng T.C., Wang J.K, & Wu C.I. (2017). Ultrahigh Responsivity and Detectivity Graphene–Perovskite Hybrid Phototransistors by Sequential Vapor Deposition. Scientific Reports, 7, 46281.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Precursor Synthesis

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All materials were used
as received without further purification. Anhydrous benzyl alcohol
(99.8%), anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), γ-butyrolactone
(GBL), ethanol, diethyl ether, 4-tert-butylpyridine
(TBP), anhydrous acetonitrile, anhydrous chlorobenzene, methoxyethanol,
lithium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide (Li-TFMSI), and TiCl₄ 99.999% were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. NbCl₅ 99.999% metal basis and lead iodide (PbI₂) 99.999% metal
basis were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Methylammonium iodide (CH₃NH₃I; MAI), formamidinium iodide (HC(NH₃)₂I;FAI), and Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)cobalt(III) bis(trifluoromethylsulphomyl)imide
(FK 102 Co(III) TFSI Salt) were purchased from Dyesol (GreatCell Solar).
2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene
(spiro-MeOTAD) 98% was purchased from Borun Chemicals. Tetrabutylammonium
tetrafluoroborate (TBA⁺BF₄^–) 99% was purchased from Alfa Aesar. HC(NH₃)₂PbI₃ and CH₃NH₃PbI₃ were
prepared by stirring at 60°C for 12 h HC(NH₃)₂I and CH₃NH₃I, respectively, with PbI₂ with a 1:1 molar ratio in 1 mL of GBL/DMSO (3:2 v/v ratio).

Abulikemu M., Tietze M.L., Waiprasoet S., Pattanasattayavong P., E.A. Tabrizi B., D’Elia V., Del Gobbo S, & Jabbour G.E. (2022). Microwave-Assisted Non-aqueous and Low-Temperature Synthesis of Titania and Niobium-Doped Titania Nanocrystals and Their Application in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells as Electron Transport Layers. ACS Omega, 7(8), 6616-6626.

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Palladium-Catalyzed Thioether Halogenation

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As a typical experiment, thioether, the oxidant NBS (NIS, NCS, or
PIDA), and Pd(acac)₂ were introduced in a Schlenk tube,
equipped with a magnetic stirring bar. Anhydrous chlorobenzene (Sigma-Aldrich
99.8% anhydrous Sure/Seal, <0.005% water) was added, and the Schlenk
tube was purged several times with argon. The Schlenk tube was placed
in a preheated oil bath at 120 °C, and reactants were allowed
to stir for 1, 2, or 17 h. After cooling the mixture to −10
°C, a part of the recrystallized NXS reagent is filtered off
and washed with cool chlorobenzene. PhCl solvent was then removed
in vacuum, and the crude residue was purified by silica gel column
chromatography to afford the halogenated thioethers.

Guilbaud J., Selmi A., Kammoun M., Contal S., Montalbetti C., Pirio N., Roger J, & Hierso J.C. (2019). C–H Halogenation of Pyridyl Sulfides Avoiding the Sulfur Oxidation: A Direct Catalytic Access to Sulfanyl Polyhalides and Polyaromatics. ACS Omega, 4(24), 20459-20469.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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Lead(II) iodide (PbI₂; 99.99%, trace metals basis) and lead(II) bromide (PbBr₂; >98.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI). Methylammonium chloride (MACl; 98%), cesium iodide (CsI; 99.9%, trace metals basis), anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 99.8% v/v), anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99% v/v), anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%), anhydrous ethyl acetate (99.8%), anhydrous ethanol (ethanol; 99.5% v/v), tin(II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O; 99.999%), hydrochloric acid (HCl; 37% v/v), 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP), lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI), acetonitrile (anhydrous; 99.8%), copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN; 99%), and diethyl sulfide 98% were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Propan-2-ol (AR grade) was purchased from RCI labscan. Formamidinium iodide (FAI; >99.99%), formamidinium bromide (FABr; >99.99%), and methylammonium bromide (MABr; >99.99%), and TEC15 FTO glass plate (2.2 mm thick) were purchased from Greatcell solar. TEC15 ITO glass (1.1 mm thick) was purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. Tin(IV) oxide (15wt% in H₂O colloidal dispersion) and ferrocene (99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. 2,20,7,70-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,90-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) was purchased from Feiming chemical. Alconox detergent powder was purchased from Alconox. Carbon paste (Jelcon CH-8) was purchased from Jujo chemical.

Srathongsian L., Kaewprajak A., Naikaew A., Seriwattanachai C., Phuphathanaphong N., Inna A., Chotchuangchutchaval T., Passatorntaschakorn W., Kumnorkaew P., Sahasithiwat S., Wongratanaphisan D., Ruankham P., Supruangnet R., Nakajima H., Pakawatpanurut P, & Kanjanaboos P. (2024). Cs and Br tuning to achieve ultralow-hysteresis and high-performance indoor triple cation perovskite solar cell with low-cost carbon-based electrode. iScience, 27(4), 109306.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Precursor Materials

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Formamidinium iodide (FAI, 99.5%), methylammonium iodide (MAI, 99.5%), and methylammonium bromide (MABr, 99.5%) were obtained from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Corp, China. Lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%), lead bromide (PbBr₂, 99%), and cesium iodide (CsI, 99%) were purchased from TCI. Bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%), anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), 4-tert-butylpyridine (98%), anhydrous chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%), anhydrous acetonitrile (99.8%), anhydrous 1-butanol (99.8%), and SnCl₂·2H₂O (99.995%) were received from Sigma-Aldrich. K₂SnO₃·3H₂O (99.5%), urea (99.995%), YCl₃·6H₂O (99.99%), LaCl₃·6H₂O (99.99%), ScCl₃·6H₂O (99.9%), and ethylene glycol (EG, 99%) were obtained from Aladdin. All the chemicals were used as received without further purification. Deionized water (resistivity > 18 MΩ) was obtained through a Millipore water purification system. Prepatterned fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated (FTO) substrates with a sheet resistance of 14 Ω sq⁻¹ were purchased from Pilkington.

Guo Q., Wu J., Yang Y., Liu X., Lan Z., Lin J., Huang M., Wei Y., Dong J., Jia J, & Huang Y. (2019). High-Performance and Hysteresis-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Rare-Earth-Doped SnO2 Mesoporous Scaffold. Research, 2019, 4049793.

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Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Fabrication

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Unless stated otherwise, all reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Branched polyethyleneimine (PEI, M_W ≈ 750 kDa, 50 wt% solution, for the precursor layer), alginic acid (Alg, M_W ≈ 12–80 kDa), l-lysine monohydrochloride and poly-l-lysine-FITC labeled (PLL-FITC, M_W ≈ 15–30 kDa) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich and used without further treatment and purification. 6,6-Phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester PCBM (Solenne BV (99%)) was dissolved in anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%, Sigma Aldrich) to a concentration of 10 mg mL⁻¹. Bathocuproine BCP (Sigma Aldrich) was dissolved in dry ethanol (>99.8%, Roth) to yield a solution of 1 mg mL⁻¹.
All solvents used for optical measurements were purchased as analytically pure. Water was purified with a Milli-Q reagent system (ultrapure 18.2 MΩ, Satorius, arium 611VF). Silicon (1 0 0) wafers (p-type, boron) were supplied by CrysTec GmbH and cut into 2 cm × 2 cm pieces. Glass slides (D263 Teco, 1.1 mm) were obtained by Schott. Non-woven polyamide scaffolds were donated by DITF.

Körte F., Wessendorf C.D., Schnabel T., Herrmann M., Schröppel B., Stadelmann K., Arefaine E., Busch L., Daum R., Ahlswede E, & Hartmann H. (2022). Lead-binding biogenic polyelectrolyte multilayer coating for lead retention in perovskite solar cells. RSC Advances, 12(53), 34381-34392.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Materials

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Formamidinium iodide (CH5NH2I, FAI) was purchased from Dyesol Ltd. (Queanbeyan, Australia). 2,2“,7,7”‐Tetrakis[N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino]‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD) was purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. (Taiwan). Lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.999%) and methylammonium chloride (CH3NH3Cl, MACl) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.9%), anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%), anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%), anhydrous 2‐methoxyethanol (2‐ME, 99.8%), anhydrous 2‐propanol (IPA, 99.5%), n‐octylammonium iodide, and 4‐methoxy‐phenethylammonium iodide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., Ltd. (St Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich or Alfa Aesar unless otherwise specified.

Shin S., Seo S., Jeong S., Sharbirin A.S., Kim J., Ahn H., Park N, & Shin H. (2023). Kinetic‐Controlled Crystallization of α‐FAPbI3 Inducing Preferred Crystallographic Orientation Enhances Photovoltaic Performance. Advanced Science, 10(14), 2300798.

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