P nrf2

Sea Buckthorn Proanthocyandins (SBP), were provided by Puredia Limited (Qinghai, China). SBP were extracted from the fruits of sea buckthorn by water extraction and macroporous resin column chromatography, trademarked as CyanthOx™. The purity of SBP was 91.5% comparing with the standard of proanthocyanidins. They were mainly composed of (-)-epicatechin gallate, b-type proanthocyanidins, (+)-gallocatechin-(+)-catechin, and (+)-gallocatechin dimer (Chakrabarty et al., 2018 (link)). Fetal bovine serum was purchased from PAN-Biotech GmbH (Aidenbach, Germany). RPMI1640 medium was purchased from BasalMedia Technologies (Shanghai, China). Mito-Tracker Green (C1048) and MitoTracker Red CMXRos (C1049B) were obtained from the Beyotime Institute of Bio-technology (Shanghai, China). Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Assay Kit (C2009S), Cell Mitochondria Isolation Kit (C3601), and ATP Assay Kit (S0026) were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China. The glucose quantification kit was purchased from Applygen, Beijing, China. The antibodies of HO-1, p-AMPK, and p-Nrf2 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Shanghai, China). PGC-1α was purchased from Bioss Inc. (Woburn, America).

CM was obtained from Hsinhai Biotechnology (Taichung, Taiwan). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dexamethasone (Dexa), paraformaldehyde, bovine serum albumin (BSA), LPS), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), DMEM/F12 medium, RPMI1640 medium, penicillin, streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS), Lipofectamine^TM 3000, TAK-242 (CLI-095), TRIzol™ Reagent, SuperScript™ II Reverse Transcriptase, RNaseOUT™ Recombinant RNase Inhibitor, Hoechst 33258, SYBR green, Alexa Fluor 488, and Alexa Fluor 594 were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Primary antibodies of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, IKK, p-IKK, ERK, p-ERK, JNK, p-JNK, p38, p-p38, c-Jun, c-Fos, Nrf2, p-Nrf2, SOD1, SOD2, CAT, HO-1, STAT1, p-STAT1, STAT3, p-STAT3(727), STAT3, p-STAT3(705), JAK1, p-JAK1, JAK2, p-JAK2, PCNA, and β-actin were obtained from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA, USA).