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α thrombin

Manufactured by Enzyme Research
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Cameroon, Panama

α-thrombin is a proteolytic enzyme that plays a crucial role in the blood coagulation process. It is responsible for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, a key step in the formation of blood clots. This enzyme is a key component in various biochemical and biological research applications.

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15 protocols using α thrombin

1

Imaging PAR1 and S1PR1 in EA.hy926 Cells

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EA.hy926 cells were plated on coverslips in 12-well plate at a density of 1.4x10 5 cells per well.
Serum-starved cells were stimulated with or without 20 nM of aPC for 1 h or 10 nM a-thrombin for 1 h (Enzyme Research Laboratories, #HT 1002a), washed with cold PBS, and incubated with PBS for 10 min. Endogenous PAR1 was labeled with anti-PAR1 WEDE antibody (Beckman Coulter, #IM2584) at 1:500 for 1 h on ice, cells were treated with or without agonist, fixed for 5 min with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton-X 100. The detection of S1PR1 was determined using anti-S1PR1 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, #sc-25489) diluted at 1:100 in 0.03% BSA, 0.01% Triton-X 100 and 0.01% normal goat serum overnight at 4°C. Secondary fluorescent antibodies anti-mouse-Alexa-488 (Invitrogen, #A-11001 and anti-rabbit-Alexa-594 (Invitrogen, #A-11012) were diluted at incubated at room temperature for 1 h in 0.03% BSA, 0.01% Triton-X 100 and 0.01% normal goat serum. Slides were mounted using ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant (Invitrogen, #P10144). Confocal images were acquired using sequentially using the same settings with an Olympus IX81 spinning-disk Microscope (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a CoolSNAP HQ2 CCD Camera (Andor) and 63x Plan Apo objective (1.4 NA) with appropriate excitation-emission filters. Line-scan analysis was performed using Image J software (NIH, Maryland, USA).
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2

Platelet Activation Signaling Pathway

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DRSP was obtained from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). Apyrases (adenosine diphosphatase), indomethacin, PGE1, adenosine 5 0 -diphosphate (ADP), the TXA2 analog U46619, adrenaline, the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) inhibitor AG205 and the anti-a-tubulin antibody were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). a-Thrombin was obtained from Enzyme Research Laboratories (South Bend, IN, USA). Collagen was purchased from Chrono-Par Aggregation Reagents (Chrono-Log Corporation, Havertown, PA, USA). Anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473s), anti-phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2), anti-phospho-p38 (Thr180/Tyr182) and anti-GAPDH antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-PGRMC1 was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibody was from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories (West Grove, PA, USA). Botrocetin and human von Willebrand factor (VWF) were supplied by Professor Michael Berndt (Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia). Ristocetin was purchased from Chrono-Log. The human cervical cancer cell line HeLa was obtained from the cell bank of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences.
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3

Protease Activity Assay Protocol

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Human fibrinogen (plasminogen, von Willebrand factor, and fibronectin-depleted) and human zymogens Glu-plasminogen, α-thrombin, prothrombin, factor X zymogen, and activated factor Xa (all >95% purity) were purchased from Enzyme Research Laboratories, South Bend, IN, USA. Human plasmin and tranexamic acid (TXA) were purchased from MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA. Recombinant human pro-uPA zymogen [70 (link)] was kindly provided M. Ploug (Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark). Recombinant human uPA and recombinant mouse testisin proteins were from R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Fluorogenic substrates for thrombin (thrombin substrate III, Bz-FVR-AMC), FXa (Boc-IEGR-AMC [36 (link)]), uPA (Glt-GR-AMC [36 (link)]), plasmin (Boc-EEK-AMC [71 (link)]), and trypsin-like (Boc-QAR-AMC) proteases were from BACHEM, Bubendorf, Switzerland. Rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939) was from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA. Antibodies used were mouse anti-testisin antibody (MAbD9.1) [12 (link)], mouse anti-uPA antibody (IM15L, MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA), and rabbit anti-β-tubulin antibody (Santa-Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). Secondary antibodies were goat anti-mouse-HRP, mouse anti-rabbit-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA), and donkey anti-sheep-HRP (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA).
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4

Platelet Function Analysis Protocol

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Venous blood was collected into low molecular weight heparin (Lovenox, Sanofi, France).20 Platelet counts were determined in whole blood by BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) using anti-GPIX-AlexaFluor488 (clone Xia.B4, Emfret Analytics, Würzburg, Germany).20 α-granule release (anti-P-selectin-AlexaFluor647, clone RB40.34, BD Biosciences) and αIIbβ3 integrin activation (JON/A-PE, Emfret Analytics) in the absence or presence of agonists (PAR4 agonist peptide [PAR4 AP, 800μM], ADP [10 μM], convulxin [Cvx, 100 ng/mL]) was analyzed.20 For aggregometry studies, washed platelets (for α-thrombin [Enzyme Research Laboratories, South Bend, IN], PAR4-AP and Cvx) or platelet-rich plasma (for ADP) were resuspended in modified Tyrode’s buffer at a final concentration of 2.5 × 108 platelets/mL in a Chrono-log 4-channel optical aggregation system (Chrono-log, Havertown, PA).20 , 21
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5

Purification and Characterization of Coagulation Factors

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Human fibrinogen (plasminogen,
von Willebrand
Factor, and fibronectin depleted) and α-thrombin were obtained
(in powder form in 20 mM sodium citrate-HCl, pH 7.4) from Enzyme Research
Laboratories (Swansea, UK), dissolved in water, aliquoted to single-use
volumes, and stored at −80 °C. Ancrod, a thrombin-like
enzyme derived from the venom of the Mayalan pit viper, was obtained
from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (Hertfordshire,
UK), dissolved in water, and stored in single-use aliquots at −80
°C. Platelet-poor plasma (PPP) was obtained by two-step centrifugation
of porcine blood freshly obtained from a local slaughterhouse near
Eindhoven (The Netherlands) as described previously.45 (link) Buffer compounds HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic
acid), PIPES (piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic
acid)), BHEP (1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine), Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropane-1,3-diol),
and sodium bicarbonate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht,
The Netherlands), dissolved in water, adjusted to achieve pH 7.4 by
titration with 1 M NaOH (HEPES and PIPES) or 1 M HCl (BHEP, Tris,
and bicarbonate), and stored at a concentration of 1 M. At pH 7.4
and 37 °C, the fractions of buffer protonation are 45% for HEPES,
15% for PIPES, 56% for BHEP, and 67% for Tris.46
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6

Platelet Aggregation and Platelet Transfer

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The whole blood was collected from abdominal aorta of indicated mice. Platelets were prepared using a centrifuge to separate the platelet-rich plasma from the whole blood, followed by a second centrifugation to concentrate platelets, and then suspended in the Tyrode’s buffer (3 × 108/ml) for further experiments. Platelet aggregation was measured using the light transmission aggregometry70 (link). Platelet purity (>99%) was routinely detected by flow cytometry with platelet-specific CD41 antibody staining. Adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), apyrase, and PGE1 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). α-Thrombin was from Enzyme Research Laboratories (South Bend, IN). Collagen was from CHRONO-PAR. Washed Ptenfl/fl, Ptenfl/flPf4-Cre platelets or Rosa26mT/mGPf4-Cre, Rosa26mT/mGPtenfl/flPf4-Cre platelets were transferred into Ptenfl/fl mice via tail vein injection.
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7

Activation and purification of coagulation factors

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Purified human FX, FXIa, Glu-plasminogen, Russel viper venom (RVV-X) and α-thrombin were purchased from Enzyme Research Laboratories (South Bend, IN). Plasmin and goat anti-human plasminogen were from Haemotologic Technologies. The two-chain tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, Alteplase) was obtained from Genentech (South San Francisco). Donkey anti-goat IgG conjugated to peroxidase was from Sigma. Wild-type recombinant FIX was expressed in HEK 293 cells and purified using a FIX A-7 mAb column followed by a Mono-Q column as described [22 (link),23 (link)]. The FIX had ∼12 Gla residues/mol as measured by the procedure of Price et al [24 (link)] and appeared homogeneous on both reduced and non-reduced SDS-PAGE with Mr ∼57,000. FVIII was activated to FVIIIa using 1 nM human α-thrombin in the presence of 0.1% (w/v) BSA and 5 mM CaCl2 in TBS pH 7.5 (50 mM Tris–HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5) at 37°C for two minutes as described [22 (link),23 (link),25 (link)] followed by the addition of recombinant hirudin to inactivate thrombin.
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8

Molecular Mechanisms of Thrombosis and Angiogenesis

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α-Thrombin was purchased from Enzyme Research Laboratories. The murine PAR1 agonist peptide TFLLRN and the human PAR1 agonist peptide TFLLRNPNDK were synthesized and purified by reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography at Tufts University Core Facility. Histamine dihydrochloride was obtained from Tocris. VEGF was purchased from PeproTech. Rabbit IgG antibody and purified GST-HSP27 were obtained from Rockland Immunochemicals. The J2 HSP27 inhibitor was synthesized and purchased from ProbeChem. PF3644022 was purchased from Tocris. SB203580 was from LC laboratories. Vorapaxar was from Axon MedChem and Fasudil was from LC Laboratories. Polyclonal rabbit anti-p38, polyclonal rabbit anti-MK2, polyclonal rabbit anti-MK3, polyclonal rabbit phospho-MK2 (Thr334), polyclonal rabbit anti-MLC, polyclonal rabbit anti-MYPT1, polyclonal rabbit anti-phospho-MYPT1, monoclonal mouse anti-phospho-MLC, monoclonal mouse anti-HSP27, and polyclonal rabbit phospho-HSP27 (Ser15, Ser78, and Ser82) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Monoclonal mouse anti-GAPDH antibody was from GeneTex. Monoclonal mouse anti-RhoA antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. HRP-conjugated goat–anti rabbit and goat–anti mouse antibodies were from Bio-Rad Laboratories.
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9

Release kinetics of growth factors from fibrin-PHT scaffold

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Retention/Release profile of FGF-2 and TGF-β3 from fibrin gels embedded within PHT scaffold was assessed ex vivo using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fibrin gel were prepared as follows: 0.15 mL of soluble fibrinogen solution (20 mg/mL, Enzyme Research Laboratories, USA) and 0.024 mL α-thrombin (8 U/mL, Enzyme Research Laboratories, USA) were mixed simultaneously with 3 μg FGF-2 (1 mg/mL), 0.6 μg TGF-β3 (0.2 mg/mL), and 0.12 mL PBS to form the 0.3 mL fibrin gel within the central porous regions of PHT scaffold at 37 °C for 30 min. Once formed, PHT scaffolds containing fibrin hydrogel were immersed in 3 mL PBS in a 12-well plate. The plate was kept at 37 °C and samples (0.25 mL) were collected with media replenishment at the following time points (1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h, day 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14) and stored at −80 °C immediately. The whole plate was sealed with parafilm to minimize solution evaporation at 37 °C during the 14-day assessment period. Lastly, the amount of released FGF-2 and TGF-β3 in the PBS was determined by ELISA kits (Abcam, USA, #ab246531 and #ab272203) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The concentration, cumulative mass and cumulative percentage of ELISA-detectable FGF-2 and TGF-β3 at different time points were calculated.
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10

Recombinant FVIII Coagulation Assay

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Recombinant FVIII (Kogenate™) was a generous gift from Dr. Lisa Regan of Bayer Corporation (Berkeley, CA). Dioleoyl phospholipids [Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS)] were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). The reagents α-thrombin, FVIIa, FIXaβ, FX, and FXa (Enzyme Research Laboratories, South Bend, IN), hirudin (DiaPharma, West Chester, OH), the chromogenic FXa substrate, Pefachrome Xa (Pefa-5523, CH3OCO-D-CHA-Gly-Arg-pNA·AcOH; Centerchem Inc. Norwalk CT), Enhanced Chemifluorescence reagent (GE Healthcare Bioscience, Piscataway, NJ), recombinant human tissue factor (rTF: Innovin, Dade Behring, Deerfield, IL), flourogenic substrate (Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC: Calbiochem, San Diego, CA), and thrombin calibrator (Diagnostica Stago, Parsippany, NJ) were purchased from the indicated vendors.
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