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9 protocols using nupage protein gel

1

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Signaling

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Complete RIPA buffer was prepared by adding 1× Protease and Phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) with Pierce RIPA buffer (Thermo Scientific). Complete RIPA buffer were directly added to the cell culture plates or snap frozen tissues and then homogenized to isolate protein. The protein was denatured using 4× LDS sample buffer (Thermo Scientific) and 10× Reducing agent (Thermo Scientific). NuPAGE protein gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) were used to run the protein and PVDF membrane (Thermo Scientific) was used to transfer the protein from gel. Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies for overnight at 4 °C and with secondary antibodies for 1 h at RT. ECL substrate (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) were added directly into the membrane for 2–3 min before capturing image at Amersham Imager 680 (GE Healthcare). Band intensities were also quantified using the software provided with the Imager.
Primary antibodies—Rabbit IRAG1, Rabbit PKG1α, Rabbit PKG1β (kindly provided by Prof. Schlossmann) [15 (link),25 (link)], Rabbit IP3RI, Rabbit Pan-Actin (Cell Signaling Technology), Rabbit Serca2a, Rabbit pPLN-Thr 17, Mouse PLN (Badrilla, Leeds, UK).
Secondary antibodies—goat anti-rabbit, goat anti-mouse (Thermo Scientific).
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2

Quantifying TrkB Expression in Brain Regions

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The brains from both males and females were dissected out from adult animals (N = 4/group). The different brain structures used for analysis were the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and mid-brain. The brain samples were homogenized using the standard RIPA lysis buffer, containing a cocktail of protease inhibitors and orthovanadate, followed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 15 min at + 4°C. The Rn33b cells were lysed similarly and sonicated before centrifugation. The samples were then separated using gradient gels 4–15% (NuPAGE Protein gels, Invitrogen) and blotted on to a PVDF membrane. The primary antibodies were RD-TrkB (Cat# AF397, RD systems Inc., MN, United States) and GAPDH (Cat# ab75479, Abcam). The primary antibodies were used at 1:1,000 dilution. The respective HRP conjugated secondary antibodies was blocked for 1 h at room temperature. The chemiluminescent assay was performed using ECL (Pierce). All images obtained were analyzed using ImageJ software.
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3

Western Blot Analysis of GFP

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10 μl of cell-free samples were mixed with 2x SDS sample buffer (0.25 M Tris/HCl (pH 6.8), 4% SDS, 20% glycerol, 10% 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.25% bromophenol blue) and denaturation was performed by incubation at 95°C for 5 min. Bands were separated on NuPAGE™ protein gels (4–12%, Bis-Tris Gels by Thermo Fischer Scientific) using constant voltages (200 V for 45 min). Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes and probed with a rabbit polyclonal anti-GFP antibody (Invitrogen, 1:2000 dilution). Anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody was used as secondary antibody (Promega, 1:2200 dilution). The membranes were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescent kit (Thermo Fischer Scientific).
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4

Immunoblotting Protocols for Protein Analysis

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Immunoblotting experiments were performed by running protein lysates on NuPAGE Protein gels (Thermo Fisher) and transferring onto PVDF membranes. 4–12% Bis-Tris gels were used for data in Figs 1b and 2b, 3–8% Tris-Acetate gels were used for Figs 3c,d, and S2. Antibodies used were: MYC (Abcam #ab32072), β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich #A5441), AR (Millipore 06-680), PSA (Abcam #ab53774), BRD4 (Bethyl #A301-985A) and GAPDH (Santa Cruz #sc-32233). Blots were imaged using an Odyssey imaging system (LI-COR) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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5

Immunoprecipitation of GFP-tagged Proteins

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Immunoprecipitation was typically carried out from close-to-confluence 10-cm dishes transfected in advance with appropriate construct. Cells were washed with PBS, collected and lysed in Net-N buffer (50 mM TrisHCl pH7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% IGEPAL CA-630, 1 mM DTT, protease inhibitors (Sigma, cOmplete mini), sonicated and cleared by centrifugation. 0.5–1 mg total protein extract was incubated with GFP_Trap beads (Chromotek) for 1 h at 4 °C with rotation. Beads were washed five times with lysate buffer and proteins were eluted by heat denaturation in loading dye. Samples were resolved on NuPAGE protein gels (ThermoFisher), transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and blocked in 5% milk. Anti-PAR (1:2000) and anti-GFP (1:2000) were incubated at 4 °C overnight. Proteins were detected and quantified on the Odyssey Fc imaging system (LiCor).
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6

Western Blot Analysis of p53 Protein

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Total protein extracts (20 µg) were separated on 4% to 12% NuPAGE protein gel (ThermoFisher Scientific) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membrane was incubated with mouse monoclonal anti-human p53 DO-1 antibody (1:500; Calbiochem) and mouse monoclonal β-Actin antibody (1:4000; Sigma-Aldrich) with correspondent secondary antibodies. Membranes were imaged using a LI-COR Odyssey infrared scanner.
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7

Affinity Purification of RAD51AP1 Complexes

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MBP- and His6-tagged full-length RAD51AP1 or MBP- and His6-tagged RAD51AP1-F1, -F2, -F3 (80 nM each) were incubated with pre-equilibrated Ni-NTA resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in buffer F (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 2% BSA) at 4 °C with gentle rotation for 1 h. The supernatant was removed and bound protein was further incubated with histone Octamer (80 nM) in buffer F containing DNase (1 U/μg protein) and at 4 °C with gentle rotation for 2 h. The resin then was washed 4 × with buffer F and bound protein complexes were eluted in 40 μl buffer F with 300 mM imidazole. Eluted complexes (10 μl) were fractionated on a 10% NuPAGE protein gel (Thermofisher Scientific), transferred onto a PVDF membrane, and detected by western blot analysis.
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8

SDS-PAGE Analysis of Recombinant Proteins

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Recombinant proteins were analyzed by SDS–PAGE analysis to determine recombinant protein size and integrity. The recombinant protein (15 μg) was mixed with Tris–glycine SDS sample buffer (Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, USA), heated at 70°C for 10 min, and then loaded onto a NuPAGE protein gel (Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, USA). Staining and de-staining of the gel were performed with eStain L1C protein staining system (GenScript, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
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9

RAD51AP1 Protein-Histone Binding Assay

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MBP-and His6-tagged full-length RAD51AP1 or MBP-and His6-tagged RAD51AP1-F1, -F2, -F3 (80 nM each) were incubated with pre-equilibrated Ni-NTA resin (Thermofisher Scientific) in buffer F (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 2% BSA) at 4°C with gentle rotation for 1 h. The supernatant was removed and bound protein was further incubated with histone Octamer (80 nM) in buffer F containing DNase (1 U/µg protein) and at 4°C with gentle rotation for 2 h. The resin then was washed 4´ with buffer F and bound protein complexes were eluted in 40 µl buffer F with 300 mM imidazole. Eluted complexes (10 µl) were fractionated on a 10% NuPAGE protein gel (Thermofisher Scientific), transferred onto a PVDF membrane and detected by Western blot analysis.
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