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37 protocols using ab52635

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Bladder Tissue

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Paraffin sections were cut (5-mm thick), dewaxed in xylene, and treated with an ethanol gradient. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or with antibodies against keratin 5 (Krt5) (Ab52635, 1:100; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), keratin 14 (Krt14) (Ab7800, 1:200; Abcam), forkhead box A1 (Foxa1) (Ab170933, 1:200; Abcam), and epidermal growth factor receptor (Ab52894, 1:200; Abcam).
For immunofluorescence, antigen retrieval was performed with citrate buffer (pH 6) before primary antibody incubation at 4 C overnight. Sections were stained with primary antibodies against Upk (Ab78196, 1:200; Abcam), Krt5 (Ab52635, 1:100; Abcam), and RFP (Ab62341, 1:50; Abcam), and secondary antibodies Alexa Fluore488 and Alexa Fluore594 (10 mg/mL; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Paisley, UK) for 1 hour at room temperature. Slides were mounted with Mowiol 488 (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK) containing DAPI (Vectashield Mounting Medium with DAPI, H-1200; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Images were taken on a Leica confocal laser microscope (TCS SP8; Leica Microsystems, Wetzler, Germany).
Histopathologic evaluation of the bladder tissues was performed in a blind fashion by one pathologist at Kyoto Histopathology Study Group, Inc., and by two trained urologists (N.M. and T.K.), based on the 2004 World Health Organization Classification of Bladder Tumors.
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2

Protein Expression Analysis in Skin

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The protein levels of KRT5, KRT14, KRT1, KRT10, STAT1, and S100A7 were examined by immunoblotting following the methods described before34 (link) with primary antibodies against KRT5 (ab52635; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), KRT14 (ab7800, Abcam), KRT1 (ab93652, Abcam), KRT10 (ab76318, Abcam), STAT1 (ab109320, Abcam), and S100A7 (ab13680, Abcam) and the HRP-conjugated secondary antibody. Signals were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) substrates (Millipore, MA, USA) with normalization to GAPDH.
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3

Wound Regeneration and Immune Cell Profiling

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The samples were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at least 48 hours before ethanol and xylene dehydration. H&E staining and Masson’s trichrome staining were performed for the observation of re-epithelialization and collagen fiber deposition. Immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 5 (ab52635, Abcam, 1:200), cytokeratin 10 (ab76318, Abcam, 1:150), cytokeratin 17 (17516-1-AP, Proteintech, 1:200), TWIST2 (66544-1-Ig, Proteintech, 1:100), Ki67 (Servicebio, GB121141, 1:100), SCD1 (28678-1-AP, Proteintech, 1:200), CRABP1 (13163 S, Cell Signaling, 1:100), MEST (11118-1-AP, Proteintech, 1:100) were performed for to assess wound regeneration. For the evaluation the infiltration of immune cells, immunohistochemistry staining for CD3 (14-0032-82, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1:100), CD68 (ab283654, Abcam, 1:100), Ly6G (ab238132, Abcam, 1:2000) and immunofluorescent staining for F4/80 (29414-1-AP, Proteintech, 1:200), CD206 (360017, Zenbio, 1:100), FOXP3 (sc-53876, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:100), were performed.
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4

Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mammary Tissue

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Mammary glands and tumors were fixed overnight at 4 °C with 4% PFA in PBS. For histological analysis, the tissues were embedded in paraffin and 5 μm tissue sections were obtained. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H/E) and histology images were acquired using a Nikon E800 upright widefield/fluorescence microscope. For immunohistochemical staining (IHC), antigen retrieval was first performed by heating for 5 min at 120 °C in a sodium citrate buffer at pH 6, followed by blocking for 1 h at RT with 3% BSA in PBS and staining overnight at 4 °C with anti-Cytokeratin 8 at 1:250 (rabbit, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, ab53280) and anti-Cytokeratin 5 at 1:250 (rabbit, Abcam, ab52635). Endogenous peroxidase activity was inhibited by incubating with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. In a final step, sections were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) for 1 h at RT, washed and treated with the substrate 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) for 2–5 min in the dark. Hematoxylin was used for counterstaining.
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5

Airway Organoid Protein Analysis

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The airway organoids were lysed in ice-cold RIPA buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, CA, P0013C) containing an inhibitor cocktail (Bimake, Houston, TX, USA, B14001) with ultrasonic waves and incubated on ice for 40 min. Next, the samples were added to a 5× sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) loading buffer and heated at 95 °C. The denatured proteins were separated on 3–8% Tris-acetate gel (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA, EA0375BOX) and transferred to a 0.45-µm pore size polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore) at 40 V overnight. Subsequently, the membranes were blocked in 5% skimmed milk for 1 h at RT and incubated with primary antibodies, GAPDH (adcam, ab181602), DNAH5 (adcam, ab234826) and Krt5 (abcam, ab52635) overnight at 4 °C. The following day, the samples were washed and incubated with a goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody-HRP (1:5000, Thermo Fisher, 32230) and goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody-HRP (1:5000, Thermo Fisher, 6120) in 5% skimmed milk at RT for 1 h. An ECL chemical substrate (Millipore) was used to visualize the developed immunoblot.
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6

Quantifying Cytokeratin Expression

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The sections were pretreated with 1% BSA in PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 hour, incubated in 1% Tween 20 for 20 min, and washed again with PBS. The sections were subsequently analyzed for Krt10 and Krt5, according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Sections were briefly incubated for 30 min in the dark, and excessive dye was rinsed off using PBS. Sections were then incubated with the antibody isotypes to exclude false-positive staining. Double immunofluorescence staining with primary antibodies against cytokeratin 10 (ab76318, Abcam, 1:150) and cytokeratin 5 (ab52635, Abcam, 1:200) and with secondary antibodies (GB25303 and GB21303, 1:400; Servicebio, Wuhan, China) was performed. The immunostained specimens were further subjected to Hoechst 33258 staining (G1011, Servicebio). At least three parallel sections were observed using ortho-fluorescent microscopy and imaging system (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Fluorescence area measurements were conducted at five random sites of regenerated epithelia using CaseViewer 2.1 and Image-Pro Plus 7.0 (n = 5).
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Hydrogels and Decellularized Tissues

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Hydrogels and decellularized tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 1 hr at room temperature, dehydrated, paraffin embedded and cut into 5μm sections. For immunostaining, sections were deparrafinized, rehydrated and subjected to heat mediated antigen retrieval in pH 9.0 Tris-EDTA buffer containing 0.05% v/v Tween 20 for 20 mins using a steam cooker. The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-ki67 (3.5μg/ml; Abcam; ab15580) and rabbit monoclonal (EP1601Y) anti-cytokeratin 5 (1.22μg/ml; Abcam; ab52635), and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit alexafluor 488 conjugated secondary (1μg/ml; ThermoFisher; A32731. Sections were all counterstained with DAPI. All images were taken on a Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 microscope and analyzed using the Zeiss Zen software. Cell counts were performed manually and fluorescence intensity was measured using the Zen software on a minimum of 6 random locations per field of view across a minimum of 4 sections of 3 separate samples. For Laminin 111/112 measurements, hydrogels were formed in a chamber slide, and stained with a rabbit polyclonal anti laminin 111/112 antibody (10μm/ml; Abcam; ab7463) and a goat alexafluor 488 conjugated secondary as described above. Fluorescence intensity was performed as described above across 3 independent samples.
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8

Protein Isolation and Western Blot Analysis

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Protein isolation from whole-cell lysates was performed by using cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA) with 0.5% protease inhibitor cocktail (P8340, Sigma-Aldrich), 1% phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (P5726, Sigma-Aldrich), and 1% phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 3 (P004, Sigma-Aldrich) on ice for 30 min. Protein extracts were separated by 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA). The membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat milk and immunoblotted with primary antibody of p63 (20697-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), OCT4 (11263-1-AP, Proteintech), keratin 5 (K5, Ab52635, Abcam, US), keratin 14 (K14, 10143-1-AP, Proteintech), SHH (20697-1-AP, Proteintech), NRF2 (sc-13032, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), or β-actin (sc-69879, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C and with secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 1 h at RT. Protein bands were detected with the Chemistar ECL Western Blotting Substrate (180-5001, Tanon, Shanghai, China), and the image was captured by 5500 Automatic Chemiluminescence Imaging System (Tanon).
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9

Immunostaining Antibody Panel for Cell Markers

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CAV1 BD6100407 (clone 2297) (1/1000 for IHC, 1/300 fluorescence). ITGB1 (EP1041Y; Ab52971; 1/500 IHC, 1/100 fluorescence). E-cadherin from CST (24E10, 1/300 fluorescence). The integrin antibodies ITGA2 (Novus, NBP1-96715, 1/200) and ITGA6 (Novus, NBP1-85747, 1/200). The Pan-CK antibody (C-11, Abcam, ab7753, 1 to 1500) and the KRT5 antibody (Abcam, ab52635, 1 to 2000).
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10

Organoid Characterization Using IHC Analysis

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Cytoblocks were prepared from the pellets of organoids by adding plasma and thrombin in order to obtain a solid matrix. Once solidified, the organoids were fixed in 10% formalin (Thermo Scientific, 5701) and embedded in paraffin as normal tissue. Sections of 4 μm were used for IHC analyses and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining (Diapath, C0303) and (Diapath, C0363), respectively. Once dried, the sections were treated with OTTIX plus solution (Diapath, X0076) and OTTIX shaper solution (Diapath, X0096) to dewax and rehydrate the sections. Antigen retrieval was performed using pH 6 solutions at 98 °C for 20 min. Next, the endogenous peroxidases and non-specific-binding sites were blocked using 3% H2O2 (VWR chemicals, 23615.248) and Protein-Block solution (DAKO Agilent technologies, X0909) respectively, for 10 min. Sections were then stained for anti-p16 (ab211542, Abcam, 1:1200), anti-Ki67 (Clone SP6; Lab Vision Corporation #RT-9106-R7, RTU) anti-Phospho-HP1y (Ser83) Antibody (CST #2600, 1:200), anti-CK8 (ab,59400, Abcam), anti-CK5 (ab52635, Abcam). IHC analyses were performed using the Imagescope software.
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