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1

Measuring Hippocampal SOD Activity

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The activity of SOD was analyzed using kits according to the protocols from manufacturers (A001-3, Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Institute, Jiangsu, China). Activation of SOD in mice’s hippocampus was detected.
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2

ROS-scavenging Activities of Cell Lines

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Equal amounts of each of experimental cell lines suspended in a complete medium were seeded in 6-well plates (4 × 105 cells/well) and then allowed for growth until being completely adherent. Thereafter, they were treated for different time periods (i.e., 0, 4, 16 h) with 50 μM of tBHQ. All groups of experimental cells had been collected and subjected to assays for ROS-scavenging activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), that were determined according to the instruction of enhanced SOD assay kit (A001-3, Nanjing Jiancheng, Nanjing, China). Besides, another ROS-scavenging enzyme catalase (CAT) activity was detected through the instructions of CAT kit (BC0205, Solarbio, Beijing, China).
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3

Fly Metabolism and Antioxidant Assays

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The flies were crossed on standard food or RJ food. A few days later, hatched adult flies from standard food or RJ food were collected and cultured on standard food or RJ food. The 7-day-old male flies were homogenized in a buffer solution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then centrifuged for 10 min at 13,000 g. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube, the MDA (A003-1, Jiancheng Bio-Engineering, Nanjing, China), SOD oxidase (A001-3, Jiancheng Bio-Engineering, Nanjing, China), CAT oxidase (A007-1, Jiancheng Bio-Engineering, Nanjing, China), triglyceride (F001-1, Jiancheng Bio-Engineering, Nanjing, China), and ATP (A095-1-1, Jiancheng Bio-Engineering, Nanjing, China) kits were used to measure the amounts of components, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The total protein was measured using the BCA Assay Kit (CW0014, CoWin Biosciences, Beijing, China) and used for normalization. The resulting data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.
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4

Quantification of MDA and SOD Activities

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The activities of MDA and SOD were performed by using the commercial kits (A003-1 and A001-3, Jiancheng Bioengineering, China). Briefly, cells were homogenized by an ultrasonic equipment and the protein concentration was determined using a micro-spectrophotometer. Then, the detailed procedure for hUC-MSCs or serum samples were followed the manufacturer's protocol. Finally, the absorbance from different samples were measured by a full-wavelength microplate reader.
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5

Quantifying Superoxide Dismutase Activity

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Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were assayed using ELISA kits (A001-3; Nanjing Jiancheng Biology Engineering Institute, Nanjing, China), and absorbance was measured using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer at 450 nm.
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6

Measuring Serum Stress and Antioxidant Indexes

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Serum HS indexes (HSP70, HSP90) were determined using commercially available broiler-specific kits (ELISA kits, Shanghai Enzyme-linked Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China), and serum antioxidant indexes (SOD, T-AOC) were measured using assay kits (A001-3, A015-2, Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Research Institute, China).
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7

SOD and MDA Quantification Protocol

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Under the guidance of the instructions in SOD assay (A001-3, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Jiangsu, China) and MDA assay (A003-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Jiangsu, China), the working liquid was prepared and added to each group of the preserved cell supernatant. After the reaction, the absorbance value was detected with a microplate reader. The content of SOD and MDA was calculated by the formula in the instructions.
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8

Antioxidant Enzyme Evaluation in Liver

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Liver samples were homogenized and then centrifuged to obtain the supernatants for detection of lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The enzyme activity of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined with kits (A001-3, A007-1, A005 and A003-1, Jiancheng, Nanjing, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The values were standardized to the total protein content.
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9

Antioxidant Activity of MSC-EVs in Hippocampal Neurons

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The antioxidant activity of MSC-EVs on H2O2-stimulated primary cultures of hippocampal neurons was tested according to the procedures described in our recent study 21 (link). The cell supernatant in each group (n = 6~9 samples per group) was collected by centrifugation at 12000 g for 5 min, and the samples and reaction reagents, including those from the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (A015-3, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China), catalase (CAT) (S0051, Beyotime, China), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (A005, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (A001-3, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China) kits, were added to 96-well flat-bottom plates. The antioxidant effect or enzyme activity was detected using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) per the manufacturer's instructions. Each test was replicated 3 times.
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10

Assessing Oxidative Stress in Frontal Lobe

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The SOD activity in the area of frontal lobe, which was adjacent to blood injection site, was measured according to xanthine oxidase method via a standard assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, #A001‐3, PubMed: 24505260; Nanjing, China). The xanthine‐xanthine oxidase system was used to produce superoxide ions, which reacted with 2‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenol‐5‐phenlyltetrazolium chloride). The rate of the reduction with O2 was linearly related to the xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, and is inhibited by SOD; therefore, the value of SOD activity in frontal lobe could be defined via spectrophotometric measurement.
Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring MDA concentrations according to the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method through a standard assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, #A003‐1, PubMed: 24058471). The principle of this assay was based on the reaction of TBA and MDA, which could be determined via spectrophotometric measurement.
These abovementioned procedures were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The values of SOD and MDA in all groups were averaged from several brain samples (n = 6).
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