Salmonella typhi

Manufactured by American Type Culture Collection

Sourced in United States

Salmonella typhi is a bacterial strain used in laboratory research and testing. It is the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans. The strain is available for use in controlled settings by qualified researchers.

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13 protocols using salmonella typhi

Evaluating Antimicrobial Activities

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Standard isolates of different bacteria strains: American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia
coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 13062),
Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC 27853), and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 29906) were obtained from the
Ethiopian Public Health Institute (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). The bacteria were purposely
selected for evaluating the spectrum of activity and considering the folkloric repute of
the experimental plants.

Sisay M., Bussa N., Gashaw T, & Mengistu G. (2019). Investigating In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Medicinal Plants Having Folkloric Repute in Ethiopian Traditional Medicine. Journal of Evidence-based Integrative Medicine, 24, 2515690X19886276.

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Antibacterial Assay and MIC Determination

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Bacterial strains including Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Micrococcus luteus DMST 15503, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus NPRC 001R, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC, 19615), Gram-negative bacteria (Shigella flexneri DMST 4423, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Salmonella typhi DMST 22842, Salmonella typhimurium DMST 562, Escherichia coli TISTR 780) and fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 10231) used in these experiments were obtained from the Microbiological Resources Center, Thailand. A 2-fold serial dilution method (Nutrient broth) was used for the antibacterial assays and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (Wikler et al., 2006 ; Tantapakul et al., 2016 (link)). The antimicrobial assays were tested in triplicate, and the standard compounds were vancomycin and gentamycin.

Phukhatmuen P., Meesakul P., Suthiphasilp V., Charoensup R., Maneerat T., Cheenpracha S., Limtharakul T., Pyne S.G, & Laphookhieo S. (2021). Antidiabetic and antimicrobial flavonoids from the twigs and roots of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.. Heliyon, 7(4), e06904.

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Antibacterial Activity of O. persica Extracts

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The antibacterial activity of the O. persica leaf extract and the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 12344)) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 19430)) bacteria. The bacteria strains were prepared from Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST).

Sharifi-Rad M., Pohl P, & Epifano F. (2021). Phytofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Pharmaceutical Capabilities Using Otostegia persica (Burm.) Boiss. Leaf Extract. Nanomaterials, 11(4), 1045.

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Antimicrobial Activity Testing of Microbes

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The bacterial test organisms used were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) as gram-positive species and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 33459) as gram-negative species grown in Mueller Hinton agar at 37°C for 24 hours (Merck). Fungal species was unicellular Candida albicans (ATCC 60192) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 9763) grown in potato dextrose agar (Hi Media) at ambient temperature for 72 hours. The bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant determined by disc diffusion assay according to Iwalokun et al. [25 (link)].

Chowdhury M.M., Kubra K, & Ahmed S.R. (2015). Screening of antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds of some edible mushrooms cultivated in Bangladesh. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 14, 8.

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Bacterial Strain Preparation for Antimicrobial Assays

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Gram-positive bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), were obtained from Almery University Hospital (Alexandria, Egypt). Gram-negative bacteria strains, including Klebsiella pneumonia were obtained from Al-Azhar University Mycology Center (Cairo, Egypt). Streptococcus mutants (NCTC10449), Bacillus subtilis (NCTC 10400), Vibro cholera (NCTC 8021), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 19430), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were purchased from ATCC. All bacterial strains were inoculated in 20 mL of nutrient broth medium and incubated at 37 °C and 120 rpm overnight. Then, bacterial growth was measured at 600 nm using a microtiter plate reader (BIO-RAD, USA) and adjusted for the agar-well diffusion assay.

Saad M.H., Sidkey N.M, & El-Fakharany E.M. (2023). Identification and statistical optimization of a novel alginate polymer extracted from newly isolated Synechocystis algini MNE ON864447 with antibacterial activity. Microbial Cell Factories, 22, 229.

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Antimicrobial Evaluation of Diverse Microbes

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The microorganisms used in this study were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), “EcoleNationaleVétérinaired’Alfort” (E), “centre Pasteur” of Yaounde-Cameroon and “Institut Pasteur” of Paris-France (IP). They includedeight bacteria strains: Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 10541, Enterobacter aeroginese ATCC 13048, Providensia smartii ATCC 29916; five yeasts: Candida albicans ATCC 2091, Candida guiliermondii, Cryptococcus neoformans IP 90526, Candida luciteniae ATCC 200950 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and five dermatophytes: Trichophyton equinum E1424, Microsporium audouinii E1421, Trichophyton mentagrophytes E1425, Microsporium gypseum E1420 and Epidermophyton flocosum.The culture media, Nutrient Agar (NA, Conda) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA, Conda), were used for culturing bacteria and fungi respectively, while Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB, Conda), and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB, Conda) were used for the determination of minimum inhibitory and minimum microbicidal concentrations.

Lunga P.K., Qin X.J., Yang X.W., Kuiate J.R., Du Z.Z, & Gatsing D. (2014). Antimicrobial steroidal saponin and oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from Paullinia pinnata. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 369.

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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ackee Seed Extract and Nanoparticles

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The ackee seed methanol extract and biosynthesized ASAgNSPs were screened for antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method to compare their effectiveness against different microorganisms.
Using the cup-plate method, a sterile nutrient agar was prepared and poured into sterile Petri dishes and allowed to solidify. Each plate was inoculated with 25 µL (containing about 10 8 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) of either Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090, Salmonella typhi American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 14028, E. coli ATCC 700728, or E. coli ATCC 11775. Four wells with a diameter of 8 mm were bored using a sterile cup borer. The respective wells were filled with the methanol extract of ackee seeds, the synthesized silver nanoparticles of the extract, the AgNO 3 solution, and 25 µL of streptomycin (1 mg/mL) serving as a positive control. The plates were incubated at 37°C overnight. The antibacterial activity of each component was measured in terms of the mean diameter (in mm) of the zone of inhibition produced by each component at the end of the incubation period.

Odeniyi M.A., Olusomoka E., Odeniyi O.A, & Adebayo-Tayo B.C. (2020). Design and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of ackee seed extract silver nanoparticle film formulations. Polimery w medycynie, 50(2).

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Antimicrobial Assay of ESKAPE Pathogens

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The common laboratory strain of Escherichia coli DH5α was used along with three tested members of the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens for the antimicrobial assay. Of these, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) were obtained from ATCC (USA).

Pal I., Bhattacharyya D., Kar R.K., Zarena D., Bhunia A, & Atreya H.S. (2019). A Peptide-Nanoparticle System with Improved Efficacy against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria. Scientific Reports, 9, 4485.

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Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Curcumin

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Curcumin was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). TG was purchased from a local market in Isfahan, Iran. Type B GE (225 g bloom) was received from Amstel company, Netherlands. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was provided from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, USA). Muller-Hinton Agar (MHA) and Muller-Hinton Broth (MHB) were purchased from QUELAB, Canada. The cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC:25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Salmonella Typhi (ATCC 19430), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 35150) were provided by the Pasteur Institute (Tehran, Iran). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Amani F., Rezaei A., Akbari H., Dima C, & Jafari S.M. (2022). Active Packaging Films Made by Complex Coacervation of Tragacanth Gum and Gelatin Loaded with Curcumin; Characterization and Antioxidant Activity. Foods, 11(20), 3168.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Artabotrys Extracts

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In vitro antimicrobial activity was examined for the methanolic extracts of Artabotrys against four bacterial species, the gram-negative strains Salmonella typhi (ATCC 00215), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 06341), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 02150) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 10263) were obtained from Regional Research Institute of Unani, Chennai.

Sethi P., & Karmegam N. (2021). ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS ODORATISSIMUS R.Br. Chemistry & Material Sciences Research Journal, 3(1), 1-5.

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