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6 protocols using dmrd optical microscope

1

Immunodetection of Osteoclast Marker TRAP

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Cell aggregates were attached to SuperFrost®® Plus Microscope Slides (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using a Cytospin centrifuge. Next, they were blocked with Protein Block (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) for 10 min at RT, incubated with primary anti-TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) antibody (PA5-116970, Invitrogen), and diluted 1:100 in antibody diluent (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) for 1 h, and then with the anti-rabbit secondary antibody (111-065-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cambridge House, St. Thomas Place, UK) for 30 min. Immunoreactive antigens were detected using streptavidin peroxidase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and the DAB Chromogen System (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). After chromogen incubation, the slides were counterstained in hematoxylin (Bio-Optica, Milano, IT), and images were acquired using a Leica DMRD optical microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, DE, Germany).
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2

Quantifying Regulatory T Cells via IHC

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For immunoistochemistry, slides were deparaffinized and incubated with the following primary antibodies: CD3 (AB828, Rabbit anti-Human, Abcam, Milan, Italy) or FoxP3 (14 5773-82, Rat anti-Mouse, eBioscience, CA, USA) followed by the appropriate biotinylated secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Milan, Italy). Immunoreactive antigens were detected using Streptavidin Peroxidase (Thermo Scientific-Lab Vision Corporation, CA, USA) and DAB Chromogen System (Dako Corporation, CA, USA) or Vulcan Fast Red Chromogen System (Biocare Medical, CA-USA). After chromogen incubation, slides were counterstained in Hematoxylin (BioOptica, Milan, Italy) and images were acquired by Leica DMRD optical microscope (Leica, United Kingdom). The rate of Treg cells was measured using a semiquantitative method and expressed as the number of FoxP3+ cell counts divided by the CD3+ cells scoring in five visual fields from different areas (sections): 1 was attributed to samples with null or rare CD3+ cells, score 2 corresponded to some positive cells and score 3 was given to samples with numerous positive cells.
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3

Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Hematopoietic Tissues

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Spleen and BM samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin; after fixation, BM samples were decalcified with 10% EDTA (pH 7.4) for 3 weeks and embedded into paraffin; 5 μm slides were cut and stained with Hematoxylin (BioOptica) and Eosin (BioOptica) for histological examination. For immunohistochemistry, sections were deparaffinized, serially rehydrated and after the appropriate antigen retrieval procedure, incubated with the following primary antibodies: monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human CD45 (M0701, Dako Corporation) or monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human CD20 (M0755, Dako Corporation), followed by the secondary antibody Dako EnVision System-HRP Labelled Polymer Anti-mouse (K4001, Dako Corporation). After chromogen incubation, slides were counterstained in Hematoxylin and images were acquired by Leica DMRD optical microscope (Leica). The absence of cross-reactions between human and mouse antigens was verified testing anti-human antibodies on a normal mouse spleen. The percentage of positive cells was evaluated on the digital images of 5-6 samples per group (6-10 × 200 microscopic fields per sample) by 2 pathologists, independently and in a blind fashion.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mammary Tumors

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Whole mounts were prepared as previously described [15 (link)]. Mammary tumors were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) was used to assess histology. Infiltration by CD3+ and perforin-positive cells was determined through immunohistochemistry with anti-CD3 (Ab828; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and anti-perforin (Ab16074, Abcam) antibodies as previously described [16 (link)]. Immunostaining was developed using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and vulcan fast red chromogen (Biocare Medical, Concord, CA, USA). Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin (BioOptica, Milan, Italy) and images were acquired by Leica DMRD optical microscope (Leica, Milton Keynes, UK).
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5

Immunohistochemistry Analysis of Ki67 Expression

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For immunohistochemistry, slides were deparaffinized, serially rehydrated and, after the appropriate antigen retrieval procedure, stained with monoclonal mouse anti-human Ki67 (M7240, Dako), followed by the appropriate secondary antibody. Immunoreactive antigens were detected using streptavidin peroxidase (Thermo Scientific) and the DAB Chromogen System (Dako). After chromogen incubation, slides were counterstained in hematoxylin (BioOptica) and images were acquired by Leica DMRD optical microscope (Leica). The percentage of KI67-positive cells was evaluated on digital images of 4–6 tumors or lungs per group (4–6 × 200 microscopic fields per sample); clear brown nuclei were regarded as positive cells and the percentage of labeling index (number of positive cells/total cells × 100) was calculated for each field, by two pathologists, independently.
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6

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Arginase-1 and CD3+ Cells in MCA205 Tumor Sections

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For IHC and immunofluorescence, MCA205 tumors were collected from tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice and fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde for 1 hour and frozen in a cryo-embedding medium (OCT; Bio-Optica, cat. no. 05-9801). Frozen sections were cut, and 5-mm slides were fixed in ice-cold acetone for 10 minutes and incubated with rabbit polyclonal antiarginase I (1:50; Santa Cruz, cat. no. sc20150) overnight, or rabbit monoclonal anti-CD3 (1:150, Abcam; cat. no. ab16669) for 1 hour. For immunofluorescence, primary antibody incubation was followed by secondary goat antirabbit Alexa Fluor 546 (1:500; Invitrogen, cat. no. A11010), and nuclei were stained with Dapi (Sigma; cat. no. D9542). Image acquisition was performed using Zeiss LSM 800 confocal microscope. ARG1 intensity was expressed as arithmetic mean intensity measured with Zen 2.3 Lite software and was evaluated on digital images (5 Â 400 microscopic fields per sample). For IHC, primary antibody incubation was followed by secondary goat antirabbit (1:500; Jackson Immuno Research, cat. no. 111-065-144), and immunoreactive antigens were detected using streptavidin peroxidase (Thermo Scientific; cat. no. TS-125-HR) and the DAB Chromogen System (Dako; cat. no. K3468). The number of CD3 þ cells was evaluated on digital images (3-5 Â 200 microscopic fields per sample), acquired with Leica DMRD optical microscope (Leica).
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