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Spss package version 23

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SPSS package version 23.0 is a software application designed for statistical analysis. It provides a range of tools and features for data manipulation, analysis, and visualization. The core function of SPSS is to assist users in processing and interpreting complex data sets, enabling them to make informed decisions based on statistical insights.

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20 protocols using spss package version 23

1

Evaluating Campaign's Impact on Knowledge

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We used SPSS package version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, USA) to analyse the data. At the three-month follow-up, and with a response rate of 54.1%, we tested for patterns in the missing data [19 ,20 (link)]. To this end, we used the Chi-square test to compare the characteristics of the participants and non-participants at the three-month follow-up (Table 1). Because we detected no statistically significant differences between the groups, any patterns in the missing data were considered Missing Completely At Random (MCAR) (i.e., individuals with missing data at the follow-up were randomly scattered throughout the sample). We therefore conducted the analysis using available cases without fear of bias in the findings [21 ].
To assess the effect of variables such as the baseline knowledge score, time after viewing the campaign, viewing the campaign and socio-demographic variables on the mean score for post-campaign knowledge we conducted a generalised estimating equation (GEE) analysis. While the GEE analysis revealed significant interaction between the two main factors of time after viewing the campaign and group (viewing the campaign or not), we computed the estimated mean difference in post-campaign knowledge scores between the participants who had viewed the campaign and those who had not separately at each measurement point [22 (link)].
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2

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiovascular Risk

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Collected data were analyzed using SPSS package version 23 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA) and Food Processor Nutrition Analysis Software (DFP). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and histogram curve were used to check the normality of variables. For comparing mean ± standard deviation of the quantitative variables based on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (comparison between subjects with CVD and without CVD), we used Independent Samples t test. One-way ANOVA was used to compare quantitative variables in participants based on DII scores. The differences of participants in DII scores was assessed by Post-hoc analyses. The analysis of qualitative variables based on the risk of CVD was done using Chi-square test. ANCOVA test was used to analyze the quantitative variables based on CVD risk factors and DII scores, which was adjusted the total energy intake. To investigate the association between DII and the risk of CVD, multiple logistic regression analysis was used in four models. The results of logistic regression analysis were reported as Odds Ratio with confidence interval (95% CI). Also, linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between DII scores and hs-CRP in three models. Probability value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
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3

SMEs in Bauchi State: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

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The study adopted the cross-sectional survey method in the generation of data. The target population of the study is the entire SMEs registered with SMEDAN in Bauchi State totaling 364. The sample size was obtained using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table for determining minimum returned sample size for a given population. For our population, the table placed our sample size at one hundred and eighty three (183). The sample size therefore is 183 and will be used for the study. The sampling procedure to be used in this study is the purposive sampling technique which focused on owners and operators. Descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation were used for data analysis and hypothesis testing with the aid of the SPSS Package version 23.
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4

Statistical Analysis of Lesion Characteristics

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Data analysis was done using standard software (Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011/Microsoft and SPSS package version 23.0/IBM). The statistical tests were as follows: Pearson’s and Fisher’s chi-squared test for categorical data and Mann Whitney-U test for comparison of numerical data; univariate and multivariate analysis for exploration of possible associations between complications and patient or lesion characteristics; linear regression analysis for the association between lesion size and procedures time. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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5

Biochemical Prognosis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

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SPSS package version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was applied to analyze all the data. All results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median, and interquartile range (IQR) or count (percentage). Fisher’s exact test and rank sum test were used to analyze categorical variables. Continuous variables were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and post-hoc ANOVA was used when appropriate. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for nonnormal distributions. To predict the biochemical prognosis of MTC, binary logistic regression models were created, and factors contributing to the outcome in the univariate analysis had a P<0.05. A P<0.05 was considered significant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to illustrate diagnostic ability.
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6

Genetic Associations with Lipid Profiles

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Allele frequencies and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium of SNP distributions were estimated by chi-squared analyses.
Associations between lipid variables and genotypes were evaluated using either Mann–Whitney or ANOVA tests depending on the distribution of the variables. Age, sex, APOE genotype and body mass index (BMI) were considered covariates.
SPSS package version 23.0 (IBM, Madrid, Spain) was used throughout the study. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.
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7

Statistical Analysis of Research Data

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All data collected in this study were stored in a computer database. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS package version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-squared tests were performed for categorical data, while Mann Whitney U test and Z test were performed for comparison of continuous data. Roc curve analysis was used to detect specificity and sensitivity of the used methods.
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8

Risk Factors for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

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Data were entered into Epidata (version 3.1, Odense, Denmark). The statistical analysis was performed using statistical analysis software SPSS package version 23.0 for Mac OS X (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). A descriptive statistic was used to present the characteristics of the patients and the prevalence rates FGIDs after diagnosis modification. Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviations. Chi-squared, nonparametric and Student's t-test were performed to compare categorical and continuous variables between groups. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were used to identify risk factors associated with the development of FGIDs (such as demographic characteristics, social- economic factors, adverse events exposure). Odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence interval of OR, as well as the P-values of the Wald chi-square test for each risk factor were provided. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Multiple logistic regression was performed on variables that were found to have significant associations.
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9

Statistical Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments

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Statistical analysis for the in vitro test was done by SPSS package version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-squared tests were performed for categorical data; while Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were performed for the comparison of continuous data. Statistical analyses for the in vivo results were performed using the Graph Pad Prism Version 9.0 (Graph Pad Software Inc. San Diego, CA, USA). Data are presented as means ± SEM unless otherwise specified. Differences in quantitative measures were assessed by Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's multiple comparison tests, when appropriate. Differences were considered significant when the P value < 0.05.
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10

Predictive Modeling for Medical Treatment Outcomes

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The SPSS package version 23.0 (SPSS) was used to analyze all data. All results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median, and interquartile range (IQR) or number (%). Fisher’s exact test and rank sum test were used to analyze categorical variables. Continuous variables were analyzed using an ANOVA test or, in the case of non-normal distributions, the Kruskal-Wallis test. Binary logistic regression models were constructed to predict MTC, and the factors that contributed to the outcome in univariate analysis had a P < 0.05. and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) is a graphical representation that illustrates the diagnostic ability of a binary classification system with a varying discrimination threshold.
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