chemicals and solvents are commercially
available and were used as received unless otherwise stated. Sulfobetaine
methacrylate monomer (SBM, also named [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium
hydroxide, Sigma-Aldrich) was purified by precipitation of its methanol
solution against diethyl ether twice, followed by drying under reduced
pressure at room temperature. The purified monomer was stored in a
fridge before use. Oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate
(OEGMA, Sigma-Aldrich, averaged molar mass 300 Da) and di(ethylene
glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (DEGMA, Sigma-Aldrich) were purified
by passing through neutral alumina column chromatography to remove
the inhibitors and were stored in a fridge before use. Copper metal
chips were washed, successively, with dilute sulfuric acid and water
(many times) to remove oxidized copper from surface. The cleaned copper
chips were stored under nitrogen gas.