Gatan microscopy suite

The sizes of the TBNRs were analyzed using the Gatan Microscopy Suite (Gatan Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA) for images measured through FE-TEM (FEI Tecnai G2 F30 S-Twin). Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectra were obtained using a UV–Vis spectrometer (V-670, JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) in the range of 300–2100 nm. To determine the influence of TBNRs on the photothermal effect of polyester, the surface temperature change upon irradiation with a solar simulator with white light (100 W, PEC-L01, Peccell Technologies Inc., Yokohama, Japan) was measured. The values of L*, a*, b*, and ΔE were measured thrice in a colorimeter (AMT507) for each of the samples, and the elemental analysis of the samples was carried out by performing field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM–EDX, JSM6701, JEOL, Japan) on the samples (Fig. 1). To compare the tensile properties of the samples before and after finishing, the tensile strength was measured using a tensile strength tester in the warp direction of the fabric according to the ravel strip method (KS K 0520). The test was carried out by preparing a rectangular polyester sample of size 2.5 × 15 cm².Fig. 1

Chemical structure of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate(TMSPMA)

Protein samples were visualized by negative-stain transmission electron microscopy. Concentrations were 100 μg/mL of protein for samples diluted in water and 50 μg/mL of protein diluted in TEN buffer. A glow-discharged formvar/carbon-coated 400 mesh copper grid (Ted Pella, Inc., Redding, CA) was floated on a 20 µl droplet of the sample suspension for 10 min, transferred quickly to 2 drops of deionized water followed by a droplet of 2% aqueous uranyl acetate stain for 1 min. The grid was blotted with filter paper and air-dried. Samples were observed using a JEOL JEM1230 transmission electron microscope operating at 80 kV (JEOL USA INC., Peabody, MA) and images were taken using a Gatan Orius SC1000 CCD camera with Gatan Microscopy Suite version 3.10.1002.0 software (Gatan, Inc., Pleasanton, CA).

4 µl of purified augmin TIII tetramer were applied on Cu R2/1 holey carbon grids (200 mesh; Quantifoil Micro Tools, GmbH) with or without a layer of continuous carbon (2 nm). Grids were glow discharged beforehand using a Gatan Solarus 950 (Gatan, Inc.) plasma cleaner for 30 s. The grids were blotted for 0.5 s at room temperature and 85% relative humidity and plunge frozen in liquid ethane using a Vitrobot Mark IV (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Screening of the grids showed better distribution of particles on grids with continuous carbon layer, which accordingly were selected for high-resolution data acquisition. Data were acquired in one session on a Titan Krios G1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) operated at 300 kV, equipped with a K3 camera operated by Gatan Microscopy Suite (version 3.32, Gatan, Inc.) and a Quanta energy filter. Data were acquired in dose fractionation mode (30 frames) at a pixel size of 1.07 Å with a cumulative dose of 68.9 e^-/Ų and a dose rate of 27.9 e^-/px/s. Data were acquired in EPU (version 2.6, Thermo Fisher Scientific) using aberration free image shift (AFIS) with 4 images per hole and a nominal defocus range of −1 to −3 µm.

Freshly purified exosomes were diluted with DPBS and 4 µL volume was deposited on formvar coated 200 mesh copper grids. After 2 min, grids were blotted dry on Whatman filter paper #1. The grids were inverted over a drop of 2% aqueous uranyl acetate. After 2 min, grids were blotted dry on Whatman filter paper #1, and air dried. All grids were examined under transmission electron microscope, FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit BioTWIN (FEI Company, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA) at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV and digital images were captured with scale bar using a GATAN digital imaging system (Gatan, Inc., CA). Exosome size was measured using GATAN microscopy suite (Gatan, Inc., CA). The diameter of 120 exosomes per sample was manually marked and calculated using “line annotation with length” standard tool of GATAN software. The diameter of UD-P19 and P19N exosomes was analyzed using unpaired two-tailed t-test (GraphPad Prism, version 9.2.0).