D8 advance x ray diffraction

The phase structure of samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (Bruker, D8 advance X-ray Diffraction) with Cu-Kα radiation, performed with a step size of 0.02° in the range of 10–90°.
Hydrogen-generation measurements of samples were performed using in house-developed equipment, as Fig. 9 shown. The test steps are as follow:
(1) 0.1 g sample was loaded in a 100 mL flask
(2) The spot lights (yellow, green and blue) was turned on
(3) 20 mL deionized water was injected into the flask. The hydrogen was generated, pushing the water from the Monteggia washing bottle into a beaker placed on an electronic scale, which was recorded by the computer
(4) After converter, the hydrogen evolution curves (hydrogen volume against time) were drawn, and the hydrogen generation rate and yield were determined.

A RF-5301PC fluorescence spectrophotometer was used to collect all fluorescence spectra (Shimatzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hgh-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images were collected using a JEOL-2100F transmission electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan). The thickness of P-doped CQDs was carried out by a Dimension Icon Scan Asyst atomic force microscope (AFM, Bruker Co.). Structural analysis was characterized by D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker Co.) using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm). Elemental and functional group analyses were measured using an ESCALAB Xi⁺ X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) and a Nicolet iS5 Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Zeta potentials of P-doped CQDs were recorded using a Zetasizer Nano ZS90 System (Malvern, UK). The concentration of bacteria was determined by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) via UV-vis spectroscopy. The images of bacteria morphology were obtained under a S-3400N scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi, Japan).