All reactions with PADPA were carried out in 50 mL Schott Duran® laboratory glass bottles which were kept closed during the reaction with screw caps, see Fig. 1 . Different mixtures were prepared and analysed. For the one which we consider our new optimal conditions, the following solutions were mixed in the order given: 9.2 mL of the chloride-free “pH = 3.5 solution”, 0.75 mL of the 20 mM AOT stock suspension, 67 μL of the 0.15 M PADPA stock solution, and finally 16 μL of the diluted TvL stock solution (≈1.6 μM TvL) to yield a total reaction volume of 10 mL. After all components were added individually, the mixture was gently agitated to homogenize sufficiently. The initial concentrations in the reaction mixture were [AOT] = 1.5 mM, [PADPA]0 = 1.0 mM, and [TvL] ≈ 2.6 nM, and the bottle was closed with the screw cap and stored at room temperature (T ≈ 25 °C). For reactions with [TvL] ≈ 320 nM, the volume of the chloride-free “pH = 3.5 solution” was 10.0 mL and 200 μL of the ≈16 μM TvL stock solution were added. For the reaction with the “pH = 3.5 solution” containing chloride ions, the reaction mixtures were prepared in the same way. For other conditions, the volumes of the “pH = 3.5 solution” and of the TvL stock solution were adjusted accordingly. For reactions at T = 5 °C, the glass bottles containing the reaction mixtures were stored in a refrigerator.
Duran
Manufactured by Schott
Sourced in Germany
Duran is a type of borosilicate glass laboratory equipment manufactured by Schott. Borosilicate glass is known for its high thermal and chemical resistance, making it suitable for various laboratory applications. Duran products offer a durable and reliable solution for glassware used in scientific and research settings.
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13 protocols using duran
1
Enzymatic Oxidation of PADPA under Controlled Conditions
2
Preparing Microbial Liquid Cultures
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The culture mineral salts medium, used throughout these studies, was as described previously (Kaczorek et al. 2010 (link)). A liquid culture was started by adding a loopful of cells from an agar plate into a 250 mL Schott Duran® laboratory glass bottles containing 50 mL of medium. After approximately 24 h, 3–5 mL of this liquid culture was used for the inoculation of the final culture to reach an optical density (measured at 600 nm) ca. 0.1.
3
Determining Biocarrier Density
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Density of the biocarriers was determined using a pycnometer (50 ml Duran, Schott AG, Mainz, Germany). The weighing was carried out with a precision balance (Sartorius ED224S Extend ED, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany) to determine the displaced volume by the biocarrier and thus calculate the density. Density values for water were taken in relation to the water temperature.
4
Metal-Contaminated Carnon River Microcosm
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Water and sediment samples were collected from the metal‐contaminated Carnon River in Cornwall, UK (50°13′54.6″N, 5°07′48.7″W; Vos et al., 2020 (link)). We chose this site as it is polluted by a host of toxic metals, including copper, manganese and zinc (Vos et al., 2020 (link); Hesse et al., 2019 ), and liming has been shown to reduce total non‐ferrous metal availability in samples collected in the near vicinity (Hesse et al., 2019 ). The water sample in reference (Vos et al., 2020 (link)) was taken at the same time as the samples used in this study, and contains high concentrations of non‐ferrous metals. Sediment was collected using a sterile spatula and water was collected by filling a sterile 1000‐mL Duran bottle (Schott Duran). Sediment (3 ± 0.1 g) and river water (6 mL) were added to each microcosm (25 mL, Kartell). The combined water and sediment pH was measured using a Jenway 3510 pH metre (Jenway).
5
Purification of Epoxidized Natural Rubber
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About ~20 g of ENR- 25 was cut into small portions and swelled in SCHOTT DURAN® containing 400 mL toluene for 24 h. For the next 48 h, the swollen ENR- 25 was continuously stirred at 70 °C, followed by filtration through a cotton gauze pack to separate the gel from the extract. The latter was poured slowly into a beaker containing 800 mL methanol, while the solution was hand-stirred using a glass rod. The purified ENR- 25 was precipitated and stuck on the glass rod surface. The purified amount was transferred to a petri dish and dried in the fume hood before transfer to the oven, where it was dried for 24 h at 100 °C. Thereafter, the sample was further dried in a vacuum oven at 50 °C for two days until the sample achieved a constant weight. The purification of ACN was conducted using a simple column with cotton fibre, quartz sand and basic aluminium oxide to remove the inhibitor and potassium carbonate, respectively.
6
Synthesis of Core-Shell Silica Particles
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A porous silica shell was synthesized on the surface of the previously described sSiO2 core particles using TEOS or the mixture of TEOS and BTEE as a precursor and CTAB as a structure-directing agent. The shell thickness was tuned by controlling the concentrations of the precursor and surfactant. First, 100 mg of sSiO2 core was dispersed in 20 mL ultrapure water and sonicated for 1 h in a bath sonicator (ELMASONIC S10, Elma Ultrasonic Technologies, Germany). In parallel, CTAB was dissolved in 30 mL of 1:1 aqueous ethanol solution containing ammonia in a 50 mL Schott Duran® borosilicate glass bottle and stirred at 500 rpm for 30 min at room temperature. The concentrations of CTAB and ammonia for the various samples are indicated in Table 1 . Next, the dispersed silica sol was added dropwise to the CTAB solution under continuous stirring. Then the mixture was heated to 30 °C, and TEOS (for csSPs) or the mixture of TEOS and BTEE (for csOPs) in different amounts indicated in Table 1 , was rapidly added. The reaction was performed for 6 h, and the resulting core-shell particles were collected by centrifugation (10 min at 5000× g at room temperature in Falcon™ 50 mL conical centrifuge tubes) and washed with ethanol two times, and then repeated with MQ water twice.
7
Pseudomonas Strains for Bioremediation
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Further experiments were carried out using two bacterial strains from Pseudomonas genera: a reference strain Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 14700, and a strain Pseudomonas sp. KG1 (GenBank number KP096515), which was isolated from soil contaminated with crude oil, collected from sites in Southern Poland. The strains were kept on plates with Mueller–Hinton agar. The composition of culture mineral salts medium used throughout these studies was described by Kaczorek et al. [41 (link)]. A liquid culture was started by adding a loopful of cells from an agar plate into a 250 mL Schott Duran® laboratory glass bottles containing 50 mL of medium, and incubated overnight. Then, 5 mL of this liquid culture was used for the inoculation of the final culture to reach an optical density (measured at 600 nm) ca. 1.0.
8
Lake Water Sampling and Preservation
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Water samples were taken monthly between 30th January and 28th November 2019 close to the spot of the lake’s maximum depth (∼62 m; Figure 1A ), where the floating weather monitoring station is also installed. The sampled water depths were 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 40, 45, and 50 m. A sample volume of 250 mL lake water was collected for the upper water depths of 1, 3, 5 m and pooled (750 mL), representing the epilimnion. Likewise, volumes of 375 mL were collected for the lower water depths 45 and 50 m and pooled (750 mL), representing the hypolimnion. For each of the other depths 7, 10, 15, 20, and 40 m, respectively, 750 mL water samples were collected. The samples were collected in sterile glass bottles (Schott Duran <®, Germany), which were first flushed with lake water from the respective depths before samples were collected and transported in cold dark boxes to the laboratory where they are stored in refrigerators. They were then, along with blank water (autoclaved deionized water), filtered within 24 h after fieldwork using 0.2 μm cellulose filters (Sartorius AG, Germany) and stored at −20°C until nucleic acid extraction (Kurmayer et al., 2017 ).
9
Hypoxia Monitoring Apparatus Setup
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A Schott Duran 500 ml volume glass conical flask mouth part was cut and manually it was joined to a 38/40 ground joint socket. A Lutron DO-5509 dissolved oxygen sensor was manually fitted to the male part of the ground joint and the gaps between the sensor and the ground joint was completely sealed with adhesive araldite. This unit was inserted into the ground joint socket of the flask which contained the hypoxia medium and air tightened with vacuum grease. This setup containing the inoculated medium was kept at 37°C with continuous Teflon coated magnetic bar stirring at 130 rpm and monitored the dissolved oxygen at different time points.
10
Solid-Liquid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds
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A conventional solid-liquid extraction was carried out by using a jacketed glass baker of 250 mL (Schott Duran®, Germany) on a hot plate stirring (Nuova Sarrer-Barnstead Thermolyne® SP-131325, Waltham, MA, USA.) at 600 rpm and a recirculating bath (VWR® MX07R-20, Randor, PA, USA.). To obtain the extracts, water was used as solvent under the conditions previously established in the experimental design: temperature (20, 55, and 90 °C), time (5, 15, and 25 min), and sample percentage (2, 6, and 10%) [33 (link)].
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