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7 protocols using quick seal polyallomer tubes

1

Isolation and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles

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Cell
supernatant was transferred to 94 mL quick-seal polyallomer tubes
(Beckman Coulter) and centrifuged at 20,000gavg for 25 min at 4 °C using a 45Ti rotor and an Optima
XE-100 ultracentrifuge (Beckman Coulter) to pellet intermediate-size
EVs. The supernatant was carefully removed, transferred to new tubes,
and ultracentrifuged at 100,000g for 120 min at 4
°C (Type 45 Ti, k-factor 210.4) to pellet small EVs (also known
as exosomes). The exosome-like pellet was resuspended in a total of
1 mL of PBS and floated in a high-resolution iodixanol density gradient
(Optiprep, Sigma-Aldrich) at 120,000gavg for 16 h at 4 °C (SW 32.1 Ti, k-factor 249.1, Beckman Coulter)
as previously described by our group.31 (link) Nine fractions were collected from top to bottom (corresponding
to iodixanol concentrations of 10–50%). After full characterization
of each fraction, F1–F3 (corresponding to 10, 20, and 22% iodixanol)
were pooled, transferred to new 94 mL PBS tubes, and ultracentrifuged
at 120,000gavg for 2.5 h (Type 45 Ti,
k-factor 175.3). Those EV pellets were resuspended in PBS and stored
at −80 °C.
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2

Isopycnic Density Gradient Centrifugation for Ammonia Oxidizer Analysis

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Isopycnic density gradient centrifugation was performed on DNA extracted from each 30-day microcosm sample as previously described (22 (link), 37 (link), 86 (link)). Briefly, 1 μg DNA was mixed in 8.5 ml CsCl solution. The mixture was adjusted to a final CsCl buoyant density of 1.71 g ml−1 and then transferred to 8-ml quick-seal polyallomer tubes (Beckman Coulter, Palo Alto, CA, USA) before centrifugation in a MLN80 rotor (Beckman Coulter) was performed at 45,000 rpm for 60 h at 20°C. Each tube was divided into 15 fractions (500 μl each), polyethylene glycol was used to precipitate DNA, followed by 70% ethanol purification, and the resultant DNA pellet was dissolved in 30 μl sterile water. AOA, AOB, and comammox amoA gene abundances were then determined in each DNA fraction (fractions 2 to 14) by qPCR as described above. Autotrophic growth of ammonia oxidizer communities was determined by comparing [12C]CO2 and [13C]CO2 incorporation profiles, i.e., when the buoyant density peaks were distinct between the two treatments.
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3

Soil Metagenome Extraction and Density Gradient Centrifugation

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DNA extraction was conducted on two soil samples from each treatment that were incubated for 3, 6, and 9 days, using a Powersoil DNA extraction kit (MO BIO Laboratories, Inc. Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA content was quantified with an ND-2,000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA). Thereafter, about 10,000-ng DNA was added to Quick-Seal polyallomer tubes (13 × 51 mm, 5.1 mL, Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA) and spun in Tris-EDTA (TE, pH 8.0)/CsCl solution. Prior to sealing the tubes with one cordless quick-seal tube topper (Beckman Coulter), the average buoyant density (BD) of all prepared gradients was confirmed with a digital refractometer (model AR200, Leica Microsystems Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL, USA), and adjusted by adding small volumes of CsCl solution or Tris-EDTA buffer. The tubes were transferred to an ultracentrifuge (Optima L-100XP, Beckman Coulter). Centrifugation was performed at 45,000 g (20°C) for 48 h. Subsequently, the centrifuge tubes were placed onto a fraction recovery system (Beckman Coulter) and fractions (150 μL for each) were collected. The BD of each fraction was then measured, and CsCl was removed by introducing concentrated ethanol [30 (link)].
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4

CsCl Gradient Centrifugation Protocol

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A density gradient centrifugation was done with CsCl gradients following the protocol of Dunford and Neufeld (2010). Briefly, 4 μg of DNA from each sample was added to a CsCl solution to the final density of 1.725 g ml−1 in 5.1 ml QuickSeal Polyallomer tubes (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA). The samples were centrifuged for 60 h at 44 000 rpm (177 000 gav) at 20°C using a Vti 65.2 rotor (Beckman Coulter). The samples were then fractionated to 13 equal fractions, and the gradient formation was checked by measuring the density of each fraction from 10 μl of sample with a digital refractometer (AR2000 Reichert Technologies, Buffalo, NY). DNA was precipitated by adding 2 volumes of PEG solution (30% PEG6000, 1.6 M NaCl) and 20 μg of polyacrylamide as a carrier, incubating at RT for 2 h and pelleting the DNA by centrifugation at 13 000 ×rcf for 30 min at 4°C. Pellets were washed with 70% ethanol, let dry and resuspended in PCR‐grade water.
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5

Density Gradient DNA Fractionation

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Total DNA from the matrices were extracted using the Mobio PowerMax DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO Laboratories, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. DNA concentration was determined using a ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Nanodrop Technologies-ThermoFisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE). Up to 10, 000 ng DNA, in Tris-EDTA (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0)-cesium chloride (CsCl) solution, was put into Quick-Seal polyallomer tubes (13 mm × 51 mm, 5.1 mL; Beckman Coulter), adjusted to a buoyant density (BD) of ~1.77 g mL -1 , sealed and centrifuged at 178, 000 × g (20 o C), for 48 h using an ultracentrifuge (Beckman Optima XPN-100, Beckman Coulter, USA) (Song et al., 2015) (link). Then the centrifuged DNA was fractioned into 22 fractions. Each fraction of the DNA was purified using the Omega MicroElute DNA Clean-Up Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA).
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6

Density Gradient Centrifugation of Microbial DNA

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After centrifuging 100 mL of each water sample from the 12 C-PHE and 13 C-PHE treatments, total nucleic acids were extracted from the resulting cell pellets using the PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 39 DNA content was quantified using the ND-2,000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA).
Approximately 5 µg DNA were added to Quick-Seal polyallomer tubes (13 × 51 mm, 5.1 mL; Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA) and mixed with Tris-EDTA (pH 8.0)-CsCl solution at a final buoyant density (BD) of ~1.77 g/mL. The BD was determined using a digital refractometer (model AR200; Leica Microsystems Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL, USA). After balancing and sealing, the tubes were transferred to an ultracentrifuge (Optima L-100XP, Beckman Coulter) at 45,000 g (20°C) for 48 h. Subsequently, DNA in the tube was fractioned (400 µL each) and collected using a fraction recovery system (Beckman Coulter). After the BD measurements, the DNA fractions were purified using the method described by Sun et al. 40 The relationships between BD and the fraction number or DNA concentration are listed in Figure S1 and Figure S2, respectively.
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7

Isopycnic Ultracentrifugation of PAH-Amended DNA

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On Day 3, 9 and 14, samples amend with 13 C labeled and unlabeled PAHs (ANT, PHE and FLA) were sacrificed for DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was extracted using a MoBio power soil DNA isolation kit (MO BIO Laboratories, Inc.
Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instruction. DNA concentrations were determined using an ND-2000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE). Then DNA was prepared as previously for isopycnic ultracentrifugation and gradient fractionation [32, 33] . Briefly, approximately 10,000-ng DNA was added to Quick-Seal polyallomer tubes (13×51 mm, 5.1 ml, Beckman Coulter), along with a Tris-EDTA (TE, pH 8.0)/CsCl solution with a final buoyant density of ∼1.77 g mL -1 . After sealed with a cordless quick-seal tube topper, the tubes were transferred to a Beckman ultracentrifuge and centrifuged at 178,000 × g (20°C) for 48 h. Following centrifugation, 150-μL fractions were collected from each tube using a fraction recovery system (Beckman). The BD value of each fraction was then measured. CsCl was removed by glycogen-assisted ethanol precipitation [35] .
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