supernatant was transferred to 94 mL quick-seal polyallomer tubes
(Beckman Coulter) and centrifuged at 20,000gavg for 25 min at 4 °C using a 45Ti rotor and an Optima
XE-100 ultracentrifuge (Beckman Coulter) to pellet intermediate-size
EVs. The supernatant was carefully removed, transferred to new tubes,
and ultracentrifuged at 100,000g for 120 min at 4
°C (Type 45 Ti, k-factor 210.4) to pellet small EVs (also known
as exosomes). The exosome-like pellet was resuspended in a total of
1 mL of PBS and floated in a high-resolution iodixanol density gradient
(Optiprep, Sigma-Aldrich) at 120,000gavg for 16 h at 4 °C (SW 32.1 Ti, k-factor 249.1, Beckman Coulter)
as previously described by our group.31 (link) Nine fractions were collected from top to bottom (corresponding
to iodixanol concentrations of 10–50%). After full characterization
of each fraction, F1–F3 (corresponding to 10, 20, and 22% iodixanol)
were pooled, transferred to new 94 mL PBS tubes, and ultracentrifuged
at 120,000gavg for 2.5 h (Type 45 Ti,
k-factor 175.3). Those EV pellets were resuspended in PBS and stored
at −80 °C.