Subsequent staining steps were carried out on ice or at 4°C. Wings were blocked and permeabilized for 45 min in 5% BSA/0.5% Saponin in PIPES buffer. Recombinant biosensors were diluted in 0.1% Saponin in PIPES buffer (PI(4)P biosensor at a final concentration of 150 nM and PI(4,5)P2 biosensor at 500 nM) with 1:200 Alexa488-conjugated Phalloidin (Invitrogen) and incubated with the wings for 1 h. Wings were then washed 12 times in 0.1% Saponin in PIPES buffer, post-fixed for 10 min in 2% PFA, washed a further four times with 0.1% Saponin in PIPES buffer, and mounted in 2.5% DABCO with 10% glycerol in PBS. The wings were imaged on a Nikon A1R GaAsP confocal microscope using a 60× NA1.4 apochromatic lens within 1 week of mounting. Images were acquired posterior to longitudinal vein 4 with a pixel size of 110 nm and z-sections spaced by 150 nm.
A1r gaasp confocal microscope
The A1R GaAsP confocal microscope is a high-performance imaging system designed for advanced microscopy applications. It utilizes a Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP) detector to provide enhanced sensitivity and low-light detection capabilities. The A1R GaAsP is capable of performing confocal imaging, allowing for optical sectioning and high-resolution imaging of samples.
4 protocols using a1r gaasp confocal microscope
Visualizing Phosphoinositide Dynamics in Drosophila Wings
Subsequent staining steps were carried out on ice or at 4°C. Wings were blocked and permeabilized for 45 min in 5% BSA/0.5% Saponin in PIPES buffer. Recombinant biosensors were diluted in 0.1% Saponin in PIPES buffer (PI(4)P biosensor at a final concentration of 150 nM and PI(4,5)P2 biosensor at 500 nM) with 1:200 Alexa488-conjugated Phalloidin (Invitrogen) and incubated with the wings for 1 h. Wings were then washed 12 times in 0.1% Saponin in PIPES buffer, post-fixed for 10 min in 2% PFA, washed a further four times with 0.1% Saponin in PIPES buffer, and mounted in 2.5% DABCO with 10% glycerol in PBS. The wings were imaged on a Nikon A1R GaAsP confocal microscope using a 60× NA1.4 apochromatic lens within 1 week of mounting. Images were acquired posterior to longitudinal vein 4 with a pixel size of 110 nm and z-sections spaced by 150 nm.
Quantification of DNA Damage Response Proteins
Immunocytochemistry Protocol for Cell Imaging
Drosophila Pupal Wing Polarity Analysis
Unless otherwise indicated, pupal wings were dissected at 28 hr after puparium formation (APF) at 25°C, as previously described [50] . Primary antibodies for immunostaining were mouse monoclonal anti-Fmi (Flamingo #74, DSHB) [58] , rat anti-Dsh [24] , affinity purified rabbit anti-Fz [59] , rabbit anti-Stbm [15] , affinity purified rat anti-Pk [18] , affinity purified rabbit anti-GFP (ab6556, Abcam), mouse monoclonal anti-β gal (DSHB), rabbit anti-β gal (#55976, Cappel), rat monoclonal anti-Ecad (DSHB) and mouse monoclonal anti-Arm N2 7A1 (DSHB).
Actin was labelled with Alexa568-conjugated Phalloidin (A12380, Molecular Probes).
Pupal wings were imaged on a Nikon A1R GaAsP confocal microscope using a 60x NA1.4 apochromatic lens. 9 Z slices separated by 150 nm were imaged, and then the 3 brightest slices around cell junctions were selected and averaged for each channel in ImageJ.
Membrane masks were generated in Packing Analyzer [60] . Polarity magnitude (maximum asymmetry ratio on a cell-by-cell basis) and the variation in polarity angle were calculated as previously described [49] . Values were compared using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test, or using paired t-tests for clones, comparing control and mutant regions of the same wings.
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