V 670 pc

The formation of MG composite and crystallinity of Cu₂O–rGO–MXene composite were confirmed with XRD (D8 Advance from Bruker, Cu Kα radiation) and Raman spectroscopy (512 nm laser—HORIBA). UV–Visible absorption spectrum was carried out with JASCO (V-670 PC) to examine the optical behavior of the prepared samples. The morphology and particle distribution of Cu₂O nanoparticles on the rGO and MXene sheet in the composite was analyzed with FE-SEM (Thermo Fisher FEI Quanta 250 FEG) and HR-TEM (FEI-Tecnai G2 20 Twin). All the electrochemical measurements were carried out with CHI-600C workstation.

The phase and crystallographic structure of as-prepared nanocrystals were observed by a Powder X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, D8 Advance). The diffractograms were recorded for 2Ɵ in the range of 5–80°, with a time of 6 s. The SEM images were captured by scanning electron microscope SEM-ZEISS (EVO18)), Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, 07745 Jena, Germany, before applying spectral coating using gold platinum metal (Quorum). The elemental analysis of the catalyst was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX; VEGA3 XUM/TESCAN). UV-Visible absorption spectra were analyzed on JASCO (V-670 PC) equipment, with a wavelength range of 200–1000 nm at room temperature. The optical band gap of these materials was estimated using the Tauc equation.