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167 protocols using ab195352

1

Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy Analysis of Gastric Mucosal Tissue

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The harvested gastric mucosal tissues or GC tissues were fixed.
22 (link) The slides were incubated with the corresponding antibodies against METTL3 (ab195352, Abcam), HIF‐1α (sc‐13515, Santa Cruz), 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE, ab46545/ab48506, Abcam), Drp1 (8570S/ab156951, Cell Signalling Technology/Abcam), Ki67 (ab16667, Abcam), IGF2BP3 (14642‐1‐AP/ab177477, Proteintech/Abcam), LDHA (19987‐1‐AP, Proteintech) and NLRP3 (ab263899, Abcam). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining of the samples was performed using primary antibodies against Fis1 (A5821, ABclonal), Drp1 (8570S/ab156951, Cell Signalling Technology/Abcam), METTL3 (ab195352, Abcam), TOMM20 (ab186735/ab283317, Abcam), cytokeratin 18 (CK18, GTX105624, GeneTex), IGF2BP3 (14642‐1‐AP, Proteintech), NLRP3 (ab263899, Abcam) and interleukin (IL)‐1β (ab283818, Abcam). For double IF staining, a secondary targeted protein was examined after the initial protein detection stage. Nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). Gastric sections were utilised for hypoxic status analysis with a Hypoxyprobe‐1 kit (Hypoxyprobe, Inc.). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Hitachi, H‐800) was used to examine gastric tissues or cell samples from a randomly selected pool of five fields. The length, width and area of the mitochondria were measured by ImageJ.
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2

Immunohistochemical analysis of METTL3, PLOD2, HIF-1α, and Ki-67 in renal cancer

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TMA was constructed from 90 pairs of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded renal cancer tissues and matched normal tissues (Tufei Biotech, Shanghai, China). Demographics and clinical characteristics of these samples are listed in Supplementary Table S2. After antigen retrieval, TMAs were blocked and stained with anti-METTL3 antibody (ab195352, abcam, UK). The degree of immunostaining was evaluated by two independent pathologists. IHC score was calculated as staining intensity (0 = negative, 1 = weak staining, 2 = moderate staining, 3 = strong staining, 4 = severe staining) multiplying staining area (0 = 0%, 1 = 1–25%, 2 = 26–50%, 3 = 51–75%, 4 = above 75%).
For IHC staining, tissues were fixed in 10% (v/v) formaldehyde in PBS, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 4 μm sections. Slides were incubated with specific primary antibodies against METTL3 (1:50, ab195352, Abcam, UK), PLOD2 (1:500, 21214-1-AP, Proteintech, USA), HIF-1α (1:100, ab51608, Abcam, UK) and Ki-67 (1:400, ab16667, Abcam, UK) respectively, at 4 °C overnight. Thereafter, secondary antibodies were added followed by DAB staining and haematoxylin counter-staining.
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3

Inducible PiggyBac Vector for METTL3 Expression

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To generate the inducible PiggyBac donor vector with an amino-terminal FLAG tag fused to METTL3, we first synthesized gBlock (IDT) containing the BamHI-1XFLAG-METTL3-BamHI sequence. This fragment was then cloned into the BamHI entry site in the enhanced piggyBac transposable vector epB-Bsd-TT via cut-ligation to generate the vector, ePB-1xFLAG-METTL3 (Rosa et al. 2014 (link)).
Mettl3 KO mESCs were transfected with an equimolar amount of ePB-1xFLAG-METTL3 and piggyBac transposase (Rosa et al. 2014 (link)). Two days after transfection, cells were plated at clonal density and subjected to a transient puromycin selection (1 µg/mL) for 7 d. Colonies were picked 12 d after transfection, and western blot against endogenous METTL3 (Abcam, ab195352) was performed to identify clones which maintain comparable METTL3 expression between WT mESC cells and the ePB-METTL3 mESC line that was generated from parental Mettl3 KO mESCs. For experiments involving the ePB-METT3 ESC line, all inductions were performed using 100 ng/mL doxycycline (Sigma-Aldrich). A western blot of induced and uninduced cells, probed for METTL3 (Abcam, ab195352) and histone H3 (Abcam, ab1791), is shown in Supplemental Figure 3B. For the m6A-ELISA, mESC lines were cultured in 2i + LIF conditions on gelatin 0.1%-coated plates. Cells were harvested with Accutase (A1110501, Life Technologies).
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Western Blot Analysis of METTL3 Protein

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Total protein was extracted using radio-immunoprecipitation assay buffer. The extract was centrifuged at 4 °C and 12,000 × g for 15 min and the protein concentration was determined using bicinchoninic acid kits (Beyotime). The protein was separated using 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore). The membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk for 1 h and incubated with the primary antibodies METTL3 (ab195352, 1:1000, Abcam) and GAPDH (ab9485, 1:2000, Abcam) at 4 °C overnight. Following tris-buffered saline-tween buffer washing, the membranes were incubated with the secondary antibody (ab6721, 1:2000, Abcam) at 37 °C for 1 h. NIH Image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) was used to analyze the gray value, with GAPDH as internal reference.
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Mettl3, LDHA, and YTHDF1

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The procedures for western blot analysis and protein visualization were performed according to our previous studies 52 (link), 54 (link). Primary antibodies included anti-Mettl3 (ab195352, Abcam), anti-LDHA (ABN311 - EMD Millipore), and anti-YTHDF1 (ab99080, Abcam). Anti-α-tubulin (66031-1-Ig, Proteintech) was used as a loading control. The signals were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence using a Chemidoc XRS Molecular Imager (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.). Quantity One software (version 4.3.0, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) was used for densitometric analysis.
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6

Quantifying METTL3 in Hippocampal Regions

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Paraformaldehyde-fixed hippocampal tissues were sliced into 20-μm sections using a sliding microtome (SM1020R, Leica). The immunohistochemistry procedure was performed as previously described (Medeiros et al., 2014 (link)), including an antigen retrieval step (Tris/EDTA pH 9.0 at 97°C for 10 min). Staining with anti-METTL3 antibody (ab195352, Abcam, 1:50 dilution) was performed overnight at 4°C, followed by detection with biotinylated horse anti-rabbit IgG (Vector Laboratories), avidin-biotin complex (Vector Laboratories), and diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining. Stained hippocampal sections were imaged with a Zeiss Axio Imager Z2 microscope equipped with a 20× objective and a Metafer slide scanning platform. Quantification of the optical density (OD) of images was performed with Fiji software (ImageJ, NIH). Briefly, color deconvolution of the images was achieved using the set OD vectors for DAB and hematoxylin (H DAB). The OD value of the image presenting DAB was calculated using the formula OD = log(max intensity/mean intensity). Selected regions from CA1, CA2, CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) were measured separately for each section.
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Targets

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Protein extracts from cells or immunoprecipitation samples were prepared using detergent-containing lysis buffer. Total protein (50 µg) was subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane (Millipore). Antibody against METTL3 (ab195352), PHLPP1 (ab71277), PHLPP2 (ab71973), AKT1/2/3 (ab126811), p-AKT1/2/3 (p-S472 + S473 + S474; ab183758), p70S6K (ab32359), p-p70S6K (p-T389; ab126818), NKAP (ab121121), IF4A2 (ab31218), SLU7 (ab151462), PCMD1 (ab121858), PLXA4 (ab127892), CENPJ (ab26052), FLIP1 (ab205925), or DROSHA (ab12286) was from Abcam. Antibody against NFIC (sc-74444), FLAG tag (F1804), 6 × His tag (SAB2702218) or β-ACTIN (66009-1-Ig) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Sigma, or Proteintech, respectively. Membranes were incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibody and visualized with a Phototope Horseradish Peroxidase Western Blot Detection kit (Thermo Fisher).
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8

m6A-Specific Methylation Enrichment

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Magna MeRIP m6A Kit (Millipore, USA) was used to conduct the MeRIP assay in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions [18 (link)]. Anti-m6A body (MABE1006, Merck Millipore), anti-METTL3 body (ab195352, Abcam, USA) and anti-DDDK tag body ((ab205606, Abcam, USA) were applied for MeRIP detection. After washing with IP buffer, we eluted and subject RNA to the ethanol precipitation. Then, qRT-PCR was conducted to measure the enrichment of m6A containing mRNA.
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9

Antibodies for Protein Expression and Activity

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The following antibodies and concentrations were used: rabbit anti-HA (Cell Signaling; 3724S; 1:1000), rabbit anti-m6A (Abcam; ab151230; 1:1000), HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (Abcam; ab6721; 1:2500), HRP-conjugated sheep anti-mouse (GE Healthcare; 95017-554; 1:2500), mouse anti-βactin (Genscript; A00702; 1:5000), rabbit anti-METTL3 (Abcam; ab195352; 1:1000), rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 (Proteintech; 25546-1-AP, 1:1000), AlexaFluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (Thermo-Fisher; A-21206; 1:1000).
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10

Quantification of Apoptosis-Related Proteins

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Cells and tissues were lysed with RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) containing protease inhibitors. Total protein was extracted and protein concentration was quantified using a BCA assay kit (Boster Biotech, Wuhan, China). The proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk powder for 3 hours at room temperature, and incubated with the following primary antibodies: METTL3 (ab195352, 1:1,000, Abcam, Cambridge, England), Bcl-2 (ab196495, 1:1,000, Abcam), Bax (#14796, 1:1,000, Cell Signal Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), cleaved-caspase3 (#9664, 1:1,000, Cell Signal Technology), caspase3 (#9662, 1:1,000, Cell Signal Technology), and β-actin (AF0003, 1:1,000, Beyotime). The membrane was incubated with primary antibodies for 15 hours at 4°C and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies (A0208, A0216, 1:5,000, Beyotime) for 3 hours at room temperature. The protein bands were detected using chemiluminescence reagents (Beyotime). Quantification was performed using ImageJ software.
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