Berberine chloride (BBR), nitazoxanide (NTZ), foscarnet (FOS), and ganciclovir (GCV) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Cidofovir (CDV) was from Gilead Sciences. Fomivirsen (ISIS 2922) was synthesized by Metabion International AG. The anti-HCMV 6-aminoquinolone compound WC5 was previously described (Mercorelli et al., 2009) .
Cidofovir
Manufactured by Gilead Sciences
Sourced in United States
Cidofovir is a laboratory product manufactured by Gilead Sciences. It serves as an antiviral compound.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Foscarnet, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ganciclovir, by Roche (2 mentions)
Acyclovir, by GlaxoSmithKline (2 mentions)
Ganciclovir, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Berberine chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nitazoxanide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fomivirsen isis 2922, by Metabion (1 mentions)
Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (mtt), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oligomycin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Antimycin a, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 4 dnp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium palmitate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fatty acid free bsa, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Carbonyl cyanide p trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone fccp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Z vad fmk, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 4 dioxo 4 phenylbutanoic acid dpba, by Interchim (1 mentions)
6 protocols using cidofovir
1
Anti-HCMV Compounds Protocol
2
Cidofovir Cytotoxicity Assay in Cells
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Cells were seeded in 96-well flat bottom plates at densities that allowed exponential growth for the duration of the experiment. They were placed in the cell culture incubator overnight at 37 °C allowing the cells to attach, after which they were treated with concentrations of Cidofovir (Vistide, Gilead Sciences Inc, Foster City, CA USA) of 10, 100, 200 and 300 µM or PBS (control). At indicated time points post-treatment (3, 6 and 9 days), the MTT ((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) was performed as previously described [32 (link)]. The experiments were performed in triplicate.
3
Cidofovir Treatment for Monkeypox Infection
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Six male rhesus macaques housed in biosafety level 3 containment, weighing 3 to 4 kg, were infected intravenously with 5 × 107 plaque forming units of monkeypox virus (MPXV Zaire 79 strain [V-79-I-005]) (for virus preparation and inoculation procedures, see Additional file 1 ). Three animals were treated intravenously with cidofovir (5 mg/ml/kg in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA) that has been shown to protect against monkeypox virus infection. The antiviral agent, cidofovir, was administered on day −1 prior to monkeypox virus challenge and on days +1, +3, +5, +7, +10, and +13 after challenge. NHPs received 25 mg/kg of probenecid by gavage 1 h before cidofovir injection to prevent cidofovir nephrotoxicity. Three animals comprised the untreated control group.
4
Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds in Cell Culture
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The following antivirals were used: acyclovir (ACV, [9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine]), GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK; ganciclovir (GCV, [9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine), Roche, Basel, Switzerland; foscarnet (PFA, [phosphonoformate sodium salt]), Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO, USA; cidofovir (CDV, [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)cytosine]), Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA; brivudin (BVDU, [(E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine]), Searle, UK; HDVD, 1-[(2S,4S-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]5-vinylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, Dr. D. Chu (University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA); KAY-2-41 [1-(2-deoxy-1-methyl-4-thio-β-Dribofuranosyl)thymine and KAH-39-139 [1-(2-deoxy-4-amino-4-thio-β-Dribofuranosyl)thymine], Showa University, Tokyo, Japan; HPMP-5azaC [(1-(S)-(3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl)-5-azacytosine] and HPMPO-DAPy [(R)-2,4-diamino-3-hydroxy-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propoxy])pyrimidine], Dr M. Krecmerova, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic.
5
Mitochondrial Respiration Modulation
6
Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Quinides
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Caffeic acid (≥ 98%), ferulic acid (99%), 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid (predominantly trans, 99%), chlorogenic acid hemihydrate (≥ 98%) and all reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. The synthesis of quinides 6, 7, 8 and 9 has been described in detail [21, 22] . The following reference antiviral drugs were used in the antiviral assays: brivudin (G.D. Searle), cidofovir (Gilead Sciences), acyclovir (GlaxoSmithKline), ganciclovir (Roche), zalcitabine (Carbosynth), alovudine (Carbosynth), DS 10000 (Pfeifer & Langen), 2,4-dioxo-4-phenylbutanoic acid (DPBA; Interchim) and ribavirin (ICN Pharmaceuticals). All these reference compounds were at least 97% pure.
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