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Proparacaine

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Proparacaine is a topical ophthalmic anesthetic solution used to temporarily numb the eye's surface. It is commonly used in various medical procedures and examinations involving the eye.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ketaset, by Zoetis (4 mentions) Tranquived, by Vedco (4 mentions) Fluosphere, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Pilocarpine, by Bausch & Lomb (2 mentions) Labview, by National Instruments (2 mentions) Tropicamide, by Alcon (2 mentions) Sharp glass micropipette, by World Precision Instruments (2 mentions) Tropicamide drops, by Bausch & Lomb (2 mentions) Genteal gel, by Alcon (2 mentions) C57bl 6j, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (2 mentions) Ketaved, by Vedco (2 mentions) Anased, by Akorn (2 mentions) Axiocam mrm, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Stereo lumar v12, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Axiovision 4, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Phenylephrine hydrochloride, by Bausch & Lomb (1 mentions) Mouse adaptor, by RWD Life Science (1 mentions) Stereo discovery v20, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Deltaphase isothermal pad, by Braintree Scientific (1 mentions) Balanced salt solution, by Alcon (1 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Proparacaine hydrochloride (18 citations) Proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution (13 citations) Proparacaine HCl (2 citations) Proparacaine HCL 0.1% (2 citations) Proparacaine drops (2 citations)

24 protocols using proparacaine

1

In Vivo Corneal Imaging of Nerve Transection

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Initial baseline (Day 0) and serial imaging after nerve transection surgeries was performed using a fluorescence stereomicroscope (StereoLumar V.12, Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Thornwood, NY) equipped with a digital camera (Axiocam MRm) and software (AxioVision 4.0) as described previously [14 (link)]. An anesthetized mouse was placed on the stereoscope stage. Seven microliters of proparacaine (0.5%, Bausch & Lomb, Tampa, FL) was applied for 3 min, and the pupil was constricted with 0.01% Carbachol intraocular solution (Miostat, Alcon) for 5 min. Z-stack images were obtained at 5-μm intervals and compacted into one maximum intensity projection (MIP) image after alignment using Zeiss AxioVision software. Brightfield images were taken (S1 Fig) to confirm corneal transparency after nerve transection surgeries.
Sarkar J., Milani B., Kim E., An S., Kwon J, & Jain S. (2019). Corneal nerve healing after in situ laser nerve transection. PLoS ONE, 14(6), e0218879.
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2

Anesthesia and Dilation for Rabbit Eye Research

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Twenty-four Dutch-belted rabbits weighing 1.5-2 kg were anesthetized using intramuscular ketamine (20 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg) (both from Butler Schein, Columbus, OH), with additional aliquots administered as needed during extended experiments. The pupils were dilated using 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride (Bausch & Lomb, Tampa, FL) and atropine (Bausch & Lomb) drops administered topically. For local anesthesia, proparacaine (0.5%; Bausch & Lomb) drops were administered topically before and during the procedure. Animal handling was performed in accordance with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research; and the study protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the Medical University of South Carolina.
Dahrouj M., Desjardins D.M., Liu Y., Crosson C.E, & Ablonczy Z. (2015). Receptor mediated disruption of retinal pigment epithelium function in acute glycated-albumin exposure. Experimental eye research, 137, 50-56.
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3

In Vivo Imaging and Viral Titers of HSV-1 Infection

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At 48 hours post infection, using a previously described protocol,26 (link) fluorescence images of the mouse eyes were captured using a stereo and zoom microscope (SteREO Discovery.V20; Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH). Briefly, proparacaine (5 mL, 0.5%; Bausch & Lomb, Tampa, FL, USA) was applied to the right eye of an anesthetized mouse for 5 minutes. The pupil was constricted with 0.01% carbachol (Miostat Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) for 5 minutes following which the mouse was placed on the stereoscope stage with mouse adaptor (RWD Life Science, San Diego, CA, USA) to acquire images. To determine HSV-1 viral titers, the mouse was euthanized and the right eye was removed and stored overnight at −80°C. Using a mechanical tissue homogenizer, individual mouse eyes were homogenized in medium (Gibco, Life Technologies), centrifuged at 16,000g at 4°C to pellet out the debris, and diluted in medium (Gibco, Life Technologies) before infecting Vero cells.
Jaishankar D., Buhrman J.S., Valyi-Nagy T., Gemeinhart R.A, & Shukla D. (2016). Extended Release of an Anti–Heparan Sulfate Peptide From a Contact Lens Suppresses Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 57(1), 169-180.
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4

Anesthesia Protocol for Mouse Studies

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Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine (100 mg/kg; Ketaset; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) and xylazine (10 mg/kg; TranquiVed; Vedco, Inc., St. Joseph, MO) supplemented by topical application of proparacaine to the ocular surface (0.5%; Bausch & Lomb, Tampa, FL). All animal procedures were approved by the IACUC of the respective institutions and according to appropriate animal welfare regulations.
Lu Y., Brommer B., Tian X., Krishnan A., Meer M., Wang C., Vera D.L., Zeng Q., Yu D., Bonkowski M.S., Yang J.H., Zhou S., Hoffmann E.M., Karg M.M., Schultz M.B., Kane A.E., Davidsohn N., Korobkina E., Chwalek K., Rajman L.A., Church G.M., Hochedlinger K., Gladyshev V.N., Horvath S., Levine M.E., Gregory-Ksander M.S., Ksander B.R., He Z, & Sinclair D.A. (2020). Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision. Nature, 588(7836), 124-129.
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5

Corneal Debridement Induces Retinal Gliosis

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Corneal epithelial debridement was performed to induce retinal glial reactivity as previously described.27 (link), 48 (link) Briefly, anesthetized mice received topical proparacaine to the eyes (Bausch and Lomb, Vaughan, ON, Canada). Eyes were proptosed with forceps, and the corneal epithelium was gently removed with a sterile disposable scalpel, followed by application of antibiotic ointment. For some experiments, at 6 and 7 days post debridement, mice received injection of either vehicle, 2 mg/kg WFA i.p., or 2 mM SB203580 intravitreally, followed by KA challenge, as described above. The retinas were processed on day eight as described above. In all experiments n refers to the number of animals tested.
Livne-Bar I., Lam S., Chan D., Guo X., Askar I., Nahirnyj A., Flanagan J.G, & Sivak J.M. (2016). Pharmacologic inhibition of reactive gliosis blocks TNF-α-mediated neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death & Disease, 7(9), e2386-.
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6

3D Video-oculography for Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

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To assess the efficacy of electrical stimulation we used real-time, 3-dimensional video-oculography (3D VOG) to record eye movements associated with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). This system has been previously described in detail [1 , 4 (link), 5 (link)]. The left eye was topically anesthetized via application of proparacaine (5 mg/mL; Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) and the pupil constricted via pilocarpine (10 mg/mL; Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) eye drops. A marker consisting of three fluorescent yellow squares on a black film was placed on the cornea using veterinary tissue glue (VetOne, Boise, ID) and illuminated via four UV-emitting diodes. A USB3 Camera (FL3-U3– 13Y3M-C, Flea3 1.3 MP Mono USB3 Vision; Point Grey, BC, Canada) retrofitted with a 1/4” format, 16.0mm-focal length, f/2.0 C-mount board lens (BL160; Allthings Inc., Australia) was used to acquire 496 400 pixel, 8-bit gray-scale images at 200 Hz using custom software written in LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX). This system captures 2-dimensional movement of the illuminated eye marker and outputs 3-dimensional eye velocities corresponding to the axes of the three semicircular canals: horizontal (H), left anterior/right posterior (LARP), and right anterior/left posterior (RALP) [6 (link)].
Aplin F.P., Singh D., Santina C.C, & Fridman G.Y. (2019). Combined ionic direct current and pulse frequency modulation improves the dynamic range of vestibular canal stimulation. Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation, 29(2-3), 89-96.
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7

Elevated Intraocular Pressure Protocol

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Animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine/xylazine cocktail, (100 and 10 mg/kg, respectively), their eyes anesthetized with one drop of proparacaine (0.5%, Bausch‐Lomb) and dilated with one drop of tropicamide (1%, Alcon Laboratories). Unilateral elevation of IOP was achieved by infusing balanced salt solution (Alcon Laboratories) into the anterior chamber of the eye through using an intravenous (IV) infusion set. The level of IOP increase was determined by the height of the saline bottles on the IV infusion set. Stable elevated IOP of 85–90 mm Hg was maintained for 60 min and controlled by IOP measurements using a veterinary rebound tonometer (Tonovet). Both eyes were lubricated throughout testing with an ophthalmic lubricant gel (GenTeal, Alcon Laboratories). Animals recovered on a Deltaphase isothermal pad (Braintree Scientific) until awake. The contralateral eye without IOP elevation served as a healthy non‐IOP control (CTRL).
Rocha L.R., Nguyen Huu V.A., Palomino La Torre C., Xu Q., Jabari M., Krawczyk M., Weinreb R.N, & Skowronska‐Krawczyk D. (2019). Early removal of senescent cells protects retinal ganglion cells loss in experimental ocular hypertension. Aging Cell, 19(2), e13089.
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8

Anesthesia and Recovery Protocol for Mice

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Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine/xylazine (100–200 mg kg−1/20mgkg−1) supplemented by topical application of proparacaine to the ocular surface (0.5%; Bausch & Lomb). For quicker recovery, mice were injected intraperitoneally with yohimbine (2 mg/kg) to counteract the anesthesia effects of xylazine, after the procedures.
Karg M.M., Moorefield M., Hoffmann E., Philipose H., Krasniqi D., Hoppe C., Shu D.Y., Shirahama S., Ksander B.R, & Saint-Geniez M. (2023). Microglia preserve visual function loss in the aging retina by supporting retinal pigment epithelial health. Immunity & Ageing : I & A, 20, 53.
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9

Induction of Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Mice

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Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of Zoletil (1.6 μg/g; Virbac Laboratories 06515, France) and Rompun (0.05 μL/g, Bayer plc, UK), supplemented with topical application of proparacaine (0.5%; Bausch &Lomb, Tampa, FL, USA). The IOP increase was induced by injecting of polystyrene-microbeads (FluoSpheres; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA; 15 μm diameter) into the anterior chamber of each animal’s right eye under a surgical microscope. The cornea on the right was gently drilled around the center using a sharp glass micropipette (size: 100 ± 20 μm). A small volume (2 μL of 5.0 × 106 beads/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) of microbeads was injected through the hole of the anterior chamber, and then injection of an air bubble was performed via the micropipette connected with a Hamilton syringe. The same volume of PBS was injected in the control experiment on microbeads. Mice were placed on a heating pad set at warm temperatures for quick recovery after injection, and antibiotic ointment (Dechra Veterinary Products, Overland Park, KS, USA) was treated topically in the eyes to prevent infection [40 (link)].
Ahn H.R., Yang J.W., Kim J.Y., Lee C.Y., Kim T.J, & Jung S.H. (2019). The Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effect of Persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki) in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(21), 5268.
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10

Ophthalmic Examination and Tonometry Protocol for IOP Measurement

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Ophthalmic examinations and tonometry to measure IOP were performed on Days −11, 3, 17, 31, 39, and 49. A board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist conducted the examinations. The animals were sedated with ketamine and tropicamide was instilled in each eye. Slit lamp biomicroscopy was used to examine the anterior segment, lens, and anterior vitreous. The anterior segment was scored using the modified Hackett McDonald scale.30 Indirect ophthalmoscopy was used to examine the posterior segment, including vitreous, fundus, and optic disc. Tonometry was performed following pharmacologic mydriasis using a TonoVet® tonometer (Icare, Vantaa, Finland) on the default setting under laboratory light conditions. Ophthalmic examinations and tonometry were performed at approximately the same time of day as when the IVT injections were performed. Topical anesthetic [0.5% proparacaine (Bausch & Lomb)] was applied to the ocular surface before tonometry, and tobramycin [0.3% ophthalmic solution (Wintac, Ltd., Bangalore, India)] was applied to the eyes after tonometry.
Peraza M.A., Hurst S., Huang W., Buetow B.S., Lickteig A.J., Lavach J.D., Frost D.F., Collins M.E., Sellers R.S, & Matsumoto Smith D. (2023). Ocular Safety and Toxicokinetics of Bevacizumab-bvzr (Zirabev), a Bevacizumab Biosimilar, Administered to Cynomolgus Monkeys by Intravitreal Injection. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 39(3), 215-224.
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