Ethanol

Morin hydrate and resveratrol were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI) (Tokyo, Japan). Quercetin, Folin–Ciocalteu solution, 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, aluminum trichloride, and potassium persulfate were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), RPMI-1640 medium, and penicillin–streptomycin were purchased from GIBCO Invitrogen™ (Grand Island, NY, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Biochrom AG (Berlin, Germany). Protein markers, 0.5 M Tris–HCl, pH 6.8 solution, 1 M Tris–HCl, pH 8 solution, and 30% acrylamide/bis solution, were purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Richmond, CA, USA). Ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Labscan (Dublin, Ireland). HPLC grade Ethanol was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Cornaredo, Italy).

Rosmarinic acid (RA), polysorbate 20 (Tween 20^®), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80^®), steareth-10 (Brij S10^®), polyoxyethylene mono (octylphenyl) ether (Triton X-114^®), decyl glucoside (Plantacare 2000^®), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), propylene glycol, glycerin, cholesterol, stearic acid, glyceryl monostearate, cetyl palmitate, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tea seed (Camellia oleifera Abel.) oil, avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil, and almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) oil were cosmetic grade purchased from Namsiang (Chiang Mai, Thailand). HPLC grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were analytical grade purchased from Labscan (Dublin, Ireland).

Graphite powder (< 20 µm with purity > 99.9 wt.%, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃; Lab-Scan, Ireland), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), sulfuric acid (18.4 M H₂SO₄; Lab-Scan, Ireland), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), hydrochloric acid (12 M HCl; Lab-Scan, Ireland), aqueous ammonia (NH₄OH; Lab-Scan, Ireland), hydrazine hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), benzyl alcohol (Merck, Germany), ethanol (Lab-Scan, Ireland), nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂.6H₂O; Merck, Germany), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Lab-Scan, Ireland), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), ethylene glycol (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP; Sigma Aldrich, Germany) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄; Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were purchased and used without further purification. A water purification system (Barnstead nano pure, Thermo Scientific, USA) was used to obtain deionized (DI) water. A digital ultrasonic bath (Powersonic 505, Hwashin, South Korea) was used for sonication.

All chemicals and solvents were analytical grade. Standard catechin was purchased from Sigma^® (Sigma‐Aldrich, USA). Stock solutions of Standard catechin were freshly prepared for daily use. Stationary phase was TLC plates precoated with silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (20x10 cm) and thickness of 0.2 mm purchased from Merck (USA). Ethanol, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and mEthanol were purchased from Labscan (Dublin, Ireland). 2,20‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,4,6 tripyridyl‐s‐triazine (TPTZ), 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox), and linoleic acid were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tris base was purchased from Fisher Chem Alert (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Potassium persulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, and sodium acetate were purchased from Fisher Chemicals (Loughborough, UK). Hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, thiobarbituric acid, and ascorbic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

LMW-PLLA and LMW-PDLA were synthesized by a ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide and D-lactide monomers, respectively, at 165 °C for 2.5 h under nitrogen atmosphere using stannous octoate (95%, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 1-dodecanol (98%, Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) as the initiating system [22 (link)]. Characteristics of the obtained LMW-PLLA and LMW-PDLA are summarized in Table 1. PLLA3251D (NatureWorks LLC, Plymouth, MN, USA) with a number-average molecular weight (M_n) of 93,200 g/mol and a dispersity index (Ɖ) of 1.66 [23 (link)] was used as an HMW-PLLA. Dichloromethane (99.8%, RCI Labscan, Bangkok, Thailand) and ethanol (99.9%, RCI Labscan, Bangkok, Thailand) in analytical grade were chosen as a solvent and a non-solvent, respectively, for preparation of PLLA and scPLA powders.