Lipopolysaccharide lps from escherichia coli o111 b4

HPLC-grade acetonitrile, acetic acid and methanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); water was purified with a MilliQ ULTRA purification system (Millipore, Vimodrone, Italy). Authentic standards were provided by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) (https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/china-mainland.html). Standard stock solutions of all metabolites were prepared in methanol. All stock standard solutions were stored at − 20 ℃ in darkness. Naringin (purity > 99%) was isolated from Zhique (Citrus wilsonii Tanaka) fruts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; from Escherichia coli O111:B4) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma (Saint Louis, MO, USA). The Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) was obtained from (Hyclone, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from GIBCO-Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Penicillin and streptomycin were obtained from Hyclone (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). Cell culture grade phosphate buffered solution (PBS, pH7.4) were got from Zoman Biotechnology CO., Ltd (Beijing, China). The TRIpure reagent for total RNA extract was bought from Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd (Beijing, China), the reagents for synthesis of cDNA were purchased Vazyme Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Nanjing, China), and qPCR mix reagents were obtained from Yeasen Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4, batch number 014M4019V) and Evan’s blue dye (EBD) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Freshly synthesized amylin hexapeptide reconstituted in PBS at a concentration of 100 ug/mL was synthesized at Stanford. OPTEIA ELISA kits for mouse TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 were purchased from BD Pharmigen (San Jose, CA). Antibodies were obtained from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA).

Epinecidin-1 (GFIFHIIKGLFHAGKMIHGLV-NH2; Epi) peptide was purchased from GL Biochem (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4, Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus, MG132 and Heclin were purchased from Sigma. Epi was dissolved in dissolved in normal saline. LPS and LTA were dissolved in distilled water. MG132 and Heclin were dissolved in DMSO.