The image data were transferred to an offline workstation for post-processing (Advantage Workstation, AW4.5; GE Medical Systems) provided by the supplier, and the CBF images were post-processed by GE FuncTool software. We used T1WI enhancement and FLAIR to define the localization of the lesions and perilesional edema, and then registered these images with 3D-pCASL images. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) values were measured by placing the regions of interest (ROI) above the lesion with the highest perfusion signal. CBF of the solid part of the lesion (CBF-L), CBF of the PLE (CBF-PLE) (within 1 cm from the lesion), and CBF of contralateral normal gray matter (CBF-CGM) were measured, respectively. CBF-PLE was measured by placing the ROI above the highest perfusion signal seen in the perilesional edema on ASL map. Two experienced neuroradiologists who were blinded to the final diagnosis measured 3 times and then taken the average value. The necrosis, cystic change, hemorrhage, or blood vessel area that may affect the measurement were avoided. To minimize the inter-individual variation in CBF values, the rCBF values (rCBF-L, rCBF-PLE) were calculated by normalizing to the CBF-CGM.
Functool software
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States
FuncTool software is a medical imaging analysis tool developed by GE Healthcare. It provides a platform for processing and visualizing medical images, such as those obtained from MRI or CT scans. The software's core function is to assist healthcare professionals in analyzing and interpreting medical data.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Advantage windows workstation 4, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Signa excite hd, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
3t mri system, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Discovery mr750 3.0t, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Centricity radiology ra 600, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Signa excite, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Advantage windows version 4, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Paravision 5, by Bruker (1 mentions)
3.0 t signa mri machine, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Advantage windows 4, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Advantage workstation ver 4, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Adw 4.6 workstation, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Mr750, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Advantage workstation, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
22 protocols using functool software
1
Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement in Lesions
2
T1 Mapping for Liver Parenchyma Analysis
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The T1 mapping MR data series was transferred to the workstation to measure the T1 relaxation time of the liver parenchyma on a pixel-by-pixel basis on a color distribution map by using Functool software (AW 4.6, GE Healthcare). Round regions of interest (ROIs) with a range of 200 mm2 were drawn manually in the liver on T1 mapping images. Five ROIs were placed in the right lobe of the liver away from the liver edge, devoid of obvious vessels, bile ducts, focal lesions, and imaging artifacts (Fig. 2 a). The left lobe was not included because of the potential dephasing artifacts from cardiac motion [17 (link)]. The mean T1 relaxation time of the five ROIs was considered as the representative T1 relaxation time for the liver.![]()
Schematic diagram of ROI drawing.
3
ADC Measurement of Solid Tumor Components
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The solid components of the lesions were identified on T2-weighted and post-contrast T1-weighted images, and were matched on ADC maps. The ADC values of the solid components in each tumor were measured on DW images by a radiologist using an Advantage Windows workstation 4.2 and FuncTool software (GE Medical Systems). In order to minimize variability, the largest possible region of interest (ROI) was placed manually in the solid part of the tumor in each image (range: 10 to 80 mm2). If the lesion exhibited irregular or heterogeneous solid components, two or three ROIs were drawn within the targeted components and the mean ADC value was calculated for the analyses.
4
MRI Evaluation of HIFU Treatment
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Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a GE 3.0T MR scanner (Signa HD Excite, General Electric Company, Chicago, IL, United States) before and 1–2 days after HIFU treatment. Standard T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) [repetition time/echo time (TR/TE): 600/10 ms, slice thickness: 6 mm, matrix size: 180 × 384 mm, NEX: 1]; T2WI (TR/TE: 3280/105 ms, slice thickness: 6 mm, matrix size: 256 × 288 mm, NEX: 2); and enhanced-weighted with LAVA sequence (TR/TE: 3.9/1.8, slice thickness: 2 mm, matrix size: 390 × 312 mm), were performed imaging. The pre- and post-surgical imaging acquisition protocols included an axial localization sequence and a T2-weighted sequence followed by a contrast-enhanced T1-weighted series. Gd-DTPA was used as the contrast agent at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg and was administered intravenously. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and the intensity of the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) signal of AWE before and after HIFU were measured using the DWI sequence of b = 800 s/mm2 with Functool software (AW 4.6, GE Healthcare, General Electric Company, Chicago, IL, United States). The central slice that could manifest the largest part of AWE was selected and the regions of interest were placed to contain as much of the AWE tissue as possible at that level. Three independent measurements were taken and the average ADC value was calculated.
5
MRI Evaluation of SPIO-Labeled MSC Sponges
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On D28, TGF-β1 and ITS SPIO-labeled or not labeled sponges (0–12.5–25–50–100 and 200 µg Fe/mL) were placed in 24 well plates. MR Imaging of MSC-seeded sponges was performed on a clinical 3T MRI system (General Electric) using multi-slice multi-echo 2D T2 mapping sequences. MRI experiments were conducted with the following acquisition parameters: multi-slice multi-echo T2 mapping sequences (180° flip angle), TR/TE: 1500 ms, 8 echoes (from 10 to 160 ms), slice thickness:1 mm, NEX: 3 and acquisition time: 32 min. The MR images were obtained using a matrix size of 288×224 reconstructed by interpolation in 512×512 with a resolution of 0.234 mm (pixel spacing). Regions of interest of the appropriate size were chosen within the samples. Determination of T2 values was obtained by the reconstruction of T2 map from 8 echoes sequences by using of FuncTool Software (GE Medical systems, Europe) and especially the Cartigram software package.
6
Multimodal MRI Acquisition and Analysis
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MRI was performed using the Discovery MR750 3.0 T (GE Healthcare Japan Co, Tokyo,
Japan) system. Three-dimensional (3 D) MRI was performed using a T1-weighted
spoiled gradient recalled (SPGR) sequence (sagittal plane; slice thickness,
1.0 mm; matrix size, 256 × 256; in-plane resolution, 0.94 × 0.94 mm; field of
view, 240 mm; repetition time, 7.20 ms; echo time, 2.74 ms; flip angle, 11°) and
fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence (sagittal plane; slice
thickness, 1.4 mm; matrix size, 512 × 512; in-plane resolution, 0.47 × 0.47 mm;
repetition time, 6000 ms; echo time, 90 ms; flip angle, 90°). Diffusion tensor
imaging (DTI) data were acquired using a single-shot echo-planar imaging
sequence (sagittal plane; slice thickness, 2.6 mm; matrix size, 256 × 256;
in-plane resolution, 0.94 × 0.94 mm; repetition time, 15000 ms; echo time,
81.9 ms; flip angle, 90°; motion probing gradient, 15 axes; b value,
1000 s/mm2). Postprocessing of DTI to calculate the fractional
anisotropy (FA) on a pixel-by-pixel basis was performed using the FuncTool
software (GE Healthcare).
Japan) system. Three-dimensional (3 D) MRI was performed using a T1-weighted
spoiled gradient recalled (SPGR) sequence (sagittal plane; slice thickness,
1.0 mm; matrix size, 256 × 256; in-plane resolution, 0.94 × 0.94 mm; field of
view, 240 mm; repetition time, 7.20 ms; echo time, 2.74 ms; flip angle, 11°) and
fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence (sagittal plane; slice
thickness, 1.4 mm; matrix size, 512 × 512; in-plane resolution, 0.47 × 0.47 mm;
repetition time, 6000 ms; echo time, 90 ms; flip angle, 90°). Diffusion tensor
imaging (DTI) data were acquired using a single-shot echo-planar imaging
sequence (sagittal plane; slice thickness, 2.6 mm; matrix size, 256 × 256;
in-plane resolution, 0.94 × 0.94 mm; repetition time, 15000 ms; echo time,
81.9 ms; flip angle, 90°; motion probing gradient, 15 axes; b value,
1000 s/mm2). Postprocessing of DTI to calculate the fractional
anisotropy (FA) on a pixel-by-pixel basis was performed using the FuncTool
software (GE Healthcare).
7
Quantifying Knee Muscle Microstructure
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All images were transmitted to a PACS System (Centricity RIS CE 3.0, GE Medical Systems) on an image workstation (Centricity Radiology RA 600, GE Medical Systems). The PACS system was used to measure the cross-section of the VMO on the FSE PDWI scans of the knee joint. The FuncTool software (GE Medical Systems) was used for the postprocessing of DTI data. We evaluated multiple cross-sectional images of the VMO, starting from the superior border of the patella and moving downward until the muscle fiber bundle disappeared (generally 5 or 6 levels). We delineated the region of interest (i.e., the VMO) on every cross-section. We also measured the fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and primary (λ1), secondary (λ2), and three-level characteristic values (λ3) of the VMO on each image. The measurement accuracy was to two decimal places. The average values of the measurements taken for different cross-sections were used in the final analysis. All measurements were repeated after an interval of 3 months, by the same researcher.
8
Postprocessing of MRI Images
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The PWI and DWI images were postprocessed using Functool software (ADW 4.4, GE Medical Systems).
9
Neuroimaging and Cognitive Assessments in Ataxia
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We defined age at onset as the age at which the earliest symptoms occurred according to statements given by patients or their caregivers and scored clinical severity of ataxia using the 40-point (0 being normal) validated Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA).14 (link),15 (link) Study participants underwent brain MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in a 1.5-T system (Signa EXCITE, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). For MRS, we calculated peak areas for N-acetylaspartate (NAA) at 2.02 parts per million (ppm), creatinine (Cr) at 3.03 ppm, and the metabolite intensity ratio (NAA/Cr ratio) of both cerebellar hemispheres and vermis using FuncTool software (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI).16 (link),17 (link) We also conducted nerve conduction studies (NCS) and EMG and pure tone audiometry18 (link) of air conduction hearing thresholds at 4 frequencies (500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz) using a calibrated diagnostic audiometer and evaluated somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs).
We conducted a global cognitive performance assessment using the Mini-Mental State Examination19 (link) (MMSE, score range 0–30), one of the most widely used screening instruments for cortical dementia, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment20 (link) (MoCA, score range 0–30). Frontal lobe executive function was evaluated using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB, score range 0–18).21 (link)
We conducted a global cognitive performance assessment using the Mini-Mental State Examination19 (link) (MMSE, score range 0–30), one of the most widely used screening instruments for cortical dementia, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment20 (link) (MoCA, score range 0–30). Frontal lobe executive function was evaluated using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB, score range 0–18).21 (link)
10
Spinal Cord MRI in Surgical Patients
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Prior to surgery (baseline), and 12 months after surgery, a 3.0 T MRI scanner (MAgnetom Verio) was used to image each participant. The T2WI data were recorded with a repetition time of 3000 ms and an echo time of 90 ms at a layer thickness of 3.5 mm in a 269 × 384 scan matrix with a field of view of 272 cm × 275 cm. In addition, a workstation (Advantage Windows, version 4.2; GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) was used to capture diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) images with a repetition time of 6100 ms and echo time of 73 ms at a layer thickness of 1.5 mm in a 96 × 96 scan matrix with a field of view of 107 mm × 107 mm; the b-value was 600 s/mm2. The image acquisitions were repeated six times. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the spinal cord segments were determined using FuncTool software (GE Healthcare). All MRIs were performed by the same radiologist, and the images were captured by a second radiologist.
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