Dimenhydrinate

Dimenhydrinate (D2396, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), 8-chlorotheophylline (C0293, Tokyo Chemical Industry, Japan), diphenhydramine (D0423, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and 5-fluorouracil (F6627, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were dissolved in DMSO (D8418, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at the highest concentration indicated in the product manuals and stored at −20 °C. H₂O₂ (39155-1250, Junsei Chemical, Japan) was diluted to a suitable concentration in distilled water (DW) just before use. Recombinant human TNF-α (210-TA-005/CF; R&D Systems, USA) was diluted to 50 ng/ml in the appropriate buffer according to the manufacturer’s instructions and stored at −70 °C. Cardiotoxin from Naja pallida (217503, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was dissolved in PBS at 1 mg/ml and stored at −20 °C. BaCl₂ (B0750, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was diluted to 1.2% (w/v) in DW and stored at −20 °C. For in vivo experiments, chemicals were diluted directly in PBS or DW at the desired concentration.

Labrasol (caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides HLB 12) and Transcutol HP (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether HLB 4) were a gift from Gattefossé (France). Capmul MCM (caprylic/capric mono- and diglyceride HLB 5.5) and Capmul PG-8 (propylene glycol monocaprylate HLB 6.7) were a gift from Abitec (USA). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 and 400 were obtained from Merck (Germany). Acetonitrile HiPerSolv Chromanorm and water HiPerSolv Chromanorm were supplied by VWR (Austria). Dimenhydrinate, Cremophor EL (polyoxyl 35 hydrogenated castor oil HLB 12–14), propylene glycol (PG), and all other substances and chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna, Austria).
Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (PBS): 2.67 mM potassium chloride, 1.47 mM potassium phosphate monobasic, 136.9 mM sodium chloride, 8.1 mM sodium phosphate dibasic; pH range 7.1–7.5; osmolality: 315 mOsm/kg.
Ringer’s solution: 148.3 mM sodium chloride, 4 mM potassium chloride, 2.2 mM calcium chloride dihydrate, 20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) pH 7.4; osmolality: 342 mOsm/kg.