N tetramethyl p phenylenediamine

Antimycin A, Ascorbic acid, D-glucose, DL-malic acid, methylpyruvate, N, N, N′, N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), potassium dichloroacetate, pyruvic acid, rotenone, sodium L-lactate, succinic acid and UK-5099 were from Sigma-Aldrich. [U-¹³C]glucose tracer was from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. ³H₂O was from American Radiolabeled Chemicals and ¹⁴C tracers were from Perkin Elmer. AR-C155858 was purchased from Tocris Bioscience. 7ACC2 (7-aminocarboxycoumarin 2, see structure in Supplementary Note 1) and CPI-613 were synthesized and purified in our lab.

DPPH^·, indomethacin, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), arachidonic acid from porcine liver, cyclooxygenase 1 from sheep, cyclooxygenase 2 human recombinant, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), chlorogenic acid, (−)-epicatechin, deuterium oxide (D₂O), 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and albumin from human serum (lyophilized powder, essentially fatty acid free) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Poznań, Poland). Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) was obtained from Lipid Products, UK. The probes DPH, DPH-PA, TMA-DPH, and Laurdan were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oregon). Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris:HCl) were obtained from “Chempur” Piekary Śląskie. Bacteria cultures (L. casei PCM 2639 and L. plantarum PCM 2675) were from the Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science in Wrocław).

Chemicals of the LW1564 series were synthesized and dissolved in 20 mM DMSO stock solution. Sodium pyruvate, sodium malate, sodium succinate, L-ascorbic acid, N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, rotenone, antimycin A, KCN and Nile red were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HypoFluor MAR was purchased from GORYO Chemical, Inc. (Sapporo, Japan), and calcein AM was purchased from AnaSpec, Inc. (San Jose, CA, USA). Primary antibodies against the following proteins were used: HIF-1α (#610958, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), CyclinD1 (#554180, BD Biosciences), β-tubulin (ab-15568, Abcam, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK), β-actin (sc-47778, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α (ACCα) (sc-30212, Santa Cruz), sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 (sc-366, Santa Cruz), AMPKα (sc-25792, Santa Cruz), P-AMPKα (#2531, Cell Signaling, MA, USA), P-ACC (#3661, Cell Signaling), mTOR (#2983, Cell Signaling), P-mTOR (#2971, Cell Signaling), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 (4EBP1) (#9644, Cell Signaling) and P-4EBP1 (#9459, Cell Signaling). A horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse (LF-SA8001, AbFrontier, Seoul, Korea) or anti-rabbit secondary antibody (LF-SA8002, AbFrontier) was used.