The CAR21 susceptible strain of M. domestica used in this study was obtained from the USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE). All the flies were 3–5-day-old adults during testing and were allowed to feed on sucrose and water ad libitum. The Orlando strain of Ae. aegypti was also obtained from USDA-ARS-CMAVE and reared under standard laboratory rearing protocols. l -menthone (97%), l -fenchone (>98%), l -carvone (98%) (hereafter referred to as “menthone”, “fenchone”, and “carvone”), and all chemicals for the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Doses were formulated utilizing the densities of each monoterpenoid at 25 °C (i.e., room temp); l -carvone 0.96 g/mL, l -menthone 0.895 g/mL, and l -fenchone 0.948 g/mL. Permethrin (99.7% pure, 77.8% trans, and 21.9% cis) and methomyl (99.5% purity) were from Chem Service (West Chester, PA, USA).
Permethrin
Manufactured by Chem Service
Sourced in United States, Japan
Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid compound used in laboratory applications. It functions as an insecticide, acaricide, and repellent. Permethrin is commonly used in research and testing environments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Deltamethrin, by Chem Service (5 mentions)
Cypermethrin, by Chem Service (3 mentions)
Flumethrin, by Bayer (3 mentions)
Piperonyl butoxide pbo, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Temephos, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Cyfluthrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Esfenvalerate, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Bifenthrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Bioallethrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Bioresmethrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Tefluthrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Transfluthrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Diethyl maleate dem, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
1r trans fenfluthrin, by Bayer (2 mentions)
Tau fluvalinate, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Methomyl, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Chlorpyrifos, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Malathion, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Cyhalothrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
16 protocols using permethrin
1
Insecticide Efficacy Testing Protocol
2
Insecticide Resistance Screening and Synergism
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Four technical-grade insecticides: spinosad (a bacterial-based insecticide; 94.2%), chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphates; 99%) and permethrin (a pyrethroid; 99.5%) were used in resistance screening and synergism bioassays (ChemService Inc. West Chester, PA, USA). Two synergists: piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) (ChemService Inc. West Chester, PA, USA) were used in synergism bioassays.
3
Bioassay of Insecticide Compounds
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Bioassays were conducted by using technical-grade temephos (> 95%), deltamethrin (99.5%), permethrin (98%), PBO (98%), and DEF (98%) (ChemService Inc., West Chester, PA).
4
Permethrin Exposure and Mosquito Survival
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The F3 generation of the Viva Caucel and Vergel strains were exposed to 25 μg permethrin (Chem Service, West Chester, PA) coated 250 mL Wheaton bottles. In each bottle approximately fifty 3–4 days old mosquitoes were exposed for one hour. Active mosquitoes were transferred to cardboard cups and frozen at -80°C and formed the ‘alive’ group. Knocked down mosquitoes were transferred to a second cardboard cup and placed into an incubator at 28°C and 70% humidity. After four hours, newly recovered mosquitoes were aspirated, frozen and labeled as ‘recovered’. The mosquitoes that remained inactive were scored as ‘dead’.
5
Insecticide Exposure Bioassay and Metabolomics for Culex Larvae
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Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were exposed to standard bioassays using the diagnostic dose (DD) of the technical grade insecticides: chlorpyrifos 99.5% (0.001 μg/mL), temephos 97.5% (0.002 μg/mL) and permethrin 99.5% (0.01 μg/mL) (ChemService, West Chester, PA) [52 (link), 53 (link)]. Three replicates of each insecticide were prepared in standard (weight/volume) alcohol solution. Control groups were placed in recipients containing water and 1 mL of alcohol. After 24 h of insecticide exposure all larvae that were found alive were separated from dead ones. The alive larvae were placed individually in 1.5 mL tubes at -80°C for the metabolomics analysis. At the same time and as the same way, unexposed larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus were stored.
6
Insecticide Susceptibility of Jamaican Mosquitoes
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The susceptibility of Jamaican mosquito populations to the insecticides permethrin and malathion (ChemService, West Chester, PA) were evaluated using the method developed by the Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) [19 , 20 (link)]. Bottle bioassays were carried out using 3–4 day old females from each collection and the New Orleans susceptible strain (NO) as a reference. Four replicates of 25 unfed adults were exposed to the CDC diagnostic dose of either permethrin (15 μg/bottle) or malathion (50 μg/bottle) and one control bottle pre-coated with acetone [19 ]. Knockdown was recorded every 15 minutes until 2 hours, however, mortality was reported at 30 minutes. Collections were classified as resistant or susceptible using the updated WHO guidelines [21 ]: 98–100% mortality indicates susceptibility, 90–97% mortality suggests resistance may be developing, and mortality less than 90% indicates resistance.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrethroids
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Bifenthrin (part #: N-11203; CAS: 82657-04-3), cyfluthrin (part #: N-11130; CAS: 68359-37-5), cyhalothrin (part #: N-12307; CAS: 91465-08-6), cypermethrin (part #: N-11545; CAS: 52315-07-8), esfenvalerate (part #: N-11102; CAS: 66230-04-4), and permethrin (part #: N-12848; CAS: 52645-53-1) were purchased from Chem Service (West Chester, PA, USA). HPLC-grade methanol used to make stock solutions was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
8
Bioassay Protocol for Insecticide Testing
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Bioassays were conducted using the bioassay system described by Pridgeon et al. [47 (link)]. Further methods were described in Ali et al. [44 (link)]. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a solvent to prepare the treatments and was also used as a negative control. Permethrin (95.7%) (Chem Service, Inc. West Chester, PA, USA) was used as a positive control.
9
Comprehensive Chemical Reagents Protocol
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All chemical reagents were purchased from Millipore Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and were of the highest grade available, unless otherwise specified. DEET and permethrin were from ChemService Inc. (West Chester, PA). The antibodies used in IHC and IF experiments to detect CK-19, PCNA, CD11b/c, CD68, F4/80, αSMA and desmin were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA).
10
Deltamethrin, Permethrin and DDT Bioassays
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