Sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds)

Bifonazole (BFZ, CAS 60628-96-8), sodium chloride, cetyl palmitate (CP), and polysorbate 80 (Tween^® 80, HLB 15) were obtained from Acofarma (Barcelona, Spain). Sorbitan stearate (Span^® 60, HLB 4.7) was obtained from Fagron (Terrassa, Spain). The lipophilic surfactant cetyl dimethicone copolyol (Abil^® EM90, HLB 5, CDC), an amphoteric surfactant cocamidopropyl betaine (Tego^® Betain F, CMB), and the thickening acrylic carbomer (Tego^® Carbomer 341ER, TGC) were supplied by Evonik (Essen, Germany). Capric/caprylic triglyceride (Labrafac^® Lipophile 1349, LP), were supplied by Gattefossé (Saint-Priest, France). Deionized water (Ω⁻¹ < 0.07 mS/cm) used in all experiments was produced by ourselves in-house in a Milli-Q^® system (Millipore Iberica S.A.U., Madrid, Spain). Methanol HPLC was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Madrid, Spain). Ammonium acetate, ethanol, sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium monohydrogen phosphate K₂HPO₄ were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Hank’s balanced salt solution was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Barcelona, Spain). Reagents for histological preparations were purchased from Sigma and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Barcelona, Spain). Commercial formulation of 1% Bifonazole from Bayer AG (Canesmycospor^®, BFZ-CF) was used as a comparable formulation.

Ultrapure water obtained using a Nanopure II system (Barnstead, NH, USA) was employed for the preparation and dilution of all the solutions. PDMS membranes were synthesized by using Sylgard^® 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit (base and curing agent) obtained by Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA). Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS ≥ 99.0%), silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs, 99.5%, 5–15 nm particle size), N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDD), 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (OMIM PF₆), Zinc nanopowder (ZnNPs, 99%, 40–60 nm particle size), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sulfanilamide (SA) was obtained from Guinama (Valencia, Spain). Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), potassium nitrate and anhydrous citric acid were provided by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Zn powder and sodium nitrite were purchased from Probus (Badalona, Spain). Silver nitrate was obtained from Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain).

All reagents were of analytical grade, unless otherwise specified. Acetic acid (HAc), ammonium acetate, and sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). HPLC-grade acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, and water were supplied by Romil (Barcelona, Spain). High-purity standard BPA (≥99%) and internal standard BPA-d₁₄ (99.5%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany), respectively. A stock standard solution was prepared at 1000 mg/L in MeOH and stored at −18 °C. The working solution was prepared by diluting the stock standard solution in methanol.