The Al/GO particles prepared through the self-assembly reaction between GO solution and Al powder were analyzed by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, JSM-6700F, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) to the determine the microstructure. Raman spectroscopy (inVia Ramanmicroscope 514 nm, Renishaw, Wotton-under-Edge, UK) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, Thermoscientific-Nexsa, Waltham, MA, USA) analyses were performed to confirm the mechanism of reduction and deposition of GO on the surface-charged Al particles in acidic solution. The presence or absence of Al4C3 formation in the sample was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD, D-max 2500, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) analysis. Mechanical properties, density and Vicker’s hardness (ZHV 30, Zwick Roell, Ulm, Germany) of the samples were measured. The density of bulk composites was measured by using Archimedes principle to calculate the values measured by the hydrometer. Then, thermal properties of Al/GO, thermal diffusivity and specific heat were analyzed by the laser flash method (LFA-427, NETZSCH, Selb, Germany).
Lfa 427
Manufactured by Netzsch
Sourced in Germany
The LFA 427 is a thermal conductivity measurement device. It is designed to measure the thermal conductivity of solid and liquid samples across a wide range of temperatures. The instrument operates based on the transient hot wire method to determine the thermal conductivity of the sample.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
D max 2500, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Jsm 6700f, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Tg 209 f1, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Ultima 4, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Nova nanosem 450, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sta 449 f5 jupiter, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Supra 55, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Q5000, by TA Instruments (1 mentions)
Icpoes730, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Autopore 4 9500, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
Dil 402c, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Dsc 404 c, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Dsc 204 f1 phoenix, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
9 protocols using lfa 427
1
Characterization of Al/GO Composites
2
Thermal Diffusivity of Basalt Glasses
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In this work, the thermal diffusivity of basalt glasses
was measured by the laser flashing method using a Netzsch LFA 427
instrument. The basalt glasses were made into a square sample (10
× 10 × 1.5 mm), and the measurement was carried out under
an argon atmosphere at a heating rate of 2.5 °C/min. Three valid
data were collected at each temperature point between 200 and 1000
°C, and each presented experimental result represents the average
of three measured values at the same temperature. The thermal conductivity
(λ) of the prepared glasses was calculated by multiplying thermal
capacity (ρ × Cp) and thermal
diffusivity (α), which can be expressed byeq 3
was measured by the laser flashing method using a Netzsch LFA 427
instrument. The basalt glasses were made into a square sample (10
× 10 × 1.5 mm), and the measurement was carried out under
an argon atmosphere at a heating rate of 2.5 °C/min. Three valid
data were collected at each temperature point between 200 and 1000
°C, and each presented experimental result represents the average
of three measured values at the same temperature. The thermal conductivity
(λ) of the prepared glasses was calculated by multiplying thermal
capacity (ρ × Cp) and thermal
diffusivity (α), which can be expressed by
3
Characterization of CS@Ag Core-Shell Fibers
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The crystallographic information of CS@Ag core–shell fibers was obtained by X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD, Rigaku Co., Ultima IV) equipped with a monochromatized Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). The spectra were acquired by scanning the samples with a rate of 0.02° (2θ) per second over the angular 2θ range 10 ~ 80°. The morphologies of CS@Ag core–shell fibers and CS@Ag/plant fiber membrane were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI Co., Nova NanoSEM 450). The thermal stabilities of CS@Ag core–shell fibers were analyzed by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA, Netzsch, TG209F1). The measurement was heated from 30 to 700 ℃ with a heating rate of 10 °C/min in the N2 atmosphere. The thermal conductivities of CS@Ag/plant fiber membranes were measured by laser thermal conductivity analyzer (NETZSCH, LFA 427) at 25 °C. The surface temperature change of CS@Ag/plant fiber membrane was measured by a thermal imaging camera (Testo SE and Co., Testo 875-2i). The PM2.5 removal efficiency of the fiber membrane was checked with particle filtration tester (Suzhou Suxin Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., SX-L1056). The air permeability of the fiber membrane is measured by automatic air permeability tester (Ningbo Textile Instrument Factory, YG461G). Three parallel experiments were performed for each analysis.
4
Measuring Thermal Properties of Ceramic Materials
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The thermal diffusivity (α) was measured by a laser flash analyzer (Netzsch LFA 427, Germany) from 25 to 1200 °C in an Ar atmosphere. The heat capacities (C) of the mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) and Yb2SiO5 were calculated from the total heat capacities of their constituent oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, and Yb2O3) according to the Neumann-Kopp law [32 ]. Thermal conductivity (k’) can be calculated by the following equation [33 (link)]:
To eliminate the influence of the porosity, the thermal conductivities of fully dense specimens (k) were calibrated by [30 ,34 (link)]:
To eliminate the influence of the porosity, the thermal conductivities of fully dense specimens (k) were calibrated by [30 ,34 (link)]:
5
Characterization of Thermoelectric Materials
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The crystal structure of the samples was tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX-2550P, Cu-Kα, λ = 0.154056 nm, Rigaku®, Tokyo, Japan). The character of the morphology after polishing was tested by SEM (Qutanta FEG 450) with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to analyze the element distribution.
The electrical properties including the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were measured using a custom-made testing apparatus developed by the 18th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were carried out using a NETZSCH STA 449 F5 Jupiter instrument. The Hall effect testing apparatus, HET-HT model, was utilized for measuring the carrier concentration of the samples. The thermal diffusivity(λ) and specific heat capacity (Cp) of the samples were determined by the laser flash method (NETZSCH®, LFA427, Netzschkau, Germany), the density(ρ) was measured by the Archimedes’ method, and finally, the thermal conductivity(κ) was calculated using the corresponding formula (κ = λ·Cp·ρ).
The electrical properties including the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were measured using a custom-made testing apparatus developed by the 18th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were carried out using a NETZSCH STA 449 F5 Jupiter instrument. The Hall effect testing apparatus, HET-HT model, was utilized for measuring the carrier concentration of the samples. The thermal diffusivity(λ) and specific heat capacity (Cp) of the samples were determined by the laser flash method (NETZSCH®, LFA427, Netzschkau, Germany), the density(ρ) was measured by the Archimedes’ method, and finally, the thermal conductivity(κ) was calculated using the corresponding formula (κ = λ·Cp·ρ).
6
Comprehensive Characterization of Sustainable PEG-based Phase Change Materials
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An inductively coupled
plasma emission spectrometer (Agilent ICPOES730) was used to detect
the cation content of the AEVM leaching solution. SEM (ZEISS SUPRA55)
was applied to observe the morphologies of EVM, AEVM, and the ss-CPCMs.
FT-IR (Nicolet iS10, wavenumber: 4000–400 cm–1) examined the chemical compatibility of ss-CPCMs. XRD (Bruker D8
Advance, Cu Kα radiation, 2θ: 3–90°, scanning
rate: 6°/min) patterns were employed to investigate the crystal
phases of PEG, AEVM, C, and PAEC ss-CPCMs. The distribution of pore
diameter and porosity of EVM and AEVM were analyzed using a mercury
intrusion meter (Micromeritics, AutoPore IV 9500). TES properties
of PEG and the ss-CPCMs were determined by using DSC (NETZSCH Q20,
heating and cooling rate: 5 °C/min, atmosphere: N2). Each sample of PEG and ss-CPCMs was measured three times to use
the average value as the result. Thermal stability of PEG and ss-CPCMs
was tested by using TGA and DTG (Q5000, TA, USA, test range: 30–650
°C, heating rate: 10 °C/min, atmosphere: N2).
The thermal conductivity of samples was determined by using a laser
thermal conductivity tester (LFA-427, NETZSCH, Germany) at 25 °C.
Each sample was tested three times under the same conditions, and
the mean value was demonstrated in here. The thermal reliability of
ss-CPCMs was tested by DSC and FT-IR after 100 cycles.
plasma emission spectrometer (Agilent ICPOES730) was used to detect
the cation content of the AEVM leaching solution. SEM (ZEISS SUPRA55)
was applied to observe the morphologies of EVM, AEVM, and the ss-CPCMs.
FT-IR (Nicolet iS10, wavenumber: 4000–400 cm–1) examined the chemical compatibility of ss-CPCMs. XRD (Bruker D8
Advance, Cu Kα radiation, 2θ: 3–90°, scanning
rate: 6°/min) patterns were employed to investigate the crystal
phases of PEG, AEVM, C, and PAEC ss-CPCMs. The distribution of pore
diameter and porosity of EVM and AEVM were analyzed using a mercury
intrusion meter (Micromeritics, AutoPore IV 9500). TES properties
of PEG and the ss-CPCMs were determined by using DSC (NETZSCH Q20,
heating and cooling rate: 5 °C/min, atmosphere: N2). Each sample of PEG and ss-CPCMs was measured three times to use
the average value as the result. Thermal stability of PEG and ss-CPCMs
was tested by using TGA and DTG (Q5000, TA, USA, test range: 30–650
°C, heating rate: 10 °C/min, atmosphere: N2).
The thermal conductivity of samples was determined by using a laser
thermal conductivity tester (LFA-427, NETZSCH, Germany) at 25 °C.
Each sample was tested three times under the same conditions, and
the mean value was demonstrated in here. The thermal reliability of
ss-CPCMs was tested by DSC and FT-IR after 100 cycles.
7
Thermal Properties Characterization
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Thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal expansion were measured by a laser flash system (NETZSCH LFA-427), differential scanning calorimeter (NETZSCH DSC-404C) and dilatometer (NETZSCH DIL-402C), respectively. Thermal conductivity was evaluated from κ = DρCp where D is thermal diffusivity, ρ is density and Cp is heat capacity.
8
Multiscale Cu2-xS Pellet Characterization
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The resultant multiscale architecture-engineered Cu2−xS pellets were cut and polished as cuboids with a size of ∼2 mm × 3 mm × 10 mm for electrical property measurement and as a disk shape with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 1 mm for thermal diffusion measurement. The σ and S were measured simultaneously under a He atmosphere by the ZEM-3 (ULVAC-RIKO, Japan). The thermal diffusivity (D) was measured using a Netzsch LFA427 (Germany). The heat capacity (Cp) was measured using a NETZSCH DSC 204F1 Phoenix. The test temperature ranges from room temperature to 800 K. The densities (ρ) were measured by the Archimedes method. The κ was calculated according to the relationship κ = ρCpD. The carrier concentration (nH) and carrier mobility (μH) at room temperature were measured using the Hall measurement system (Lake Shore 8400).
9
Thermoelectric Performance Characterization
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Electrical resistivity and thermopower measurements were carried out simultaneously with a ZEM-3 (ULVAC-RIKO) system between 300 and 375 K. Bar-shaped samples of typical dimensions 1 1.5 8 mm 3 were cut with a diamond wire-saw. Uncertainty for electrical resistivity and thermopower was ±6% and ±5%, respectively. The thermal conductivity was determined via thermal diffusivity measurements carried out with a LFA 427 (Netzsch) equipment. Cylinder-shaped samples were used for these experiments that were performed under argon atmosphere between 300 and 375 K. The uncertainty on the measurements was ±11%. Thermal conductivity 𝜅 and thermal diffusivity 𝑎 are related by the formula 𝜅 = 𝑎𝐶 𝑝 𝛿
where 𝐶 𝑝 is the specific heat and 𝛿 is the density measured by the Archimedean principle.
Specific heat measurements were performed by the continuous scanning method under an argon atmosphere using a DSC 403 F3 apparatus (Netzsch). In the present case, the temperature dependence of 𝛿 was neglected. The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT was calculated from the relationship ZT = α²T/ρλ with an experimental uncertainty estimated to be ±17%.
where 𝐶 𝑝 is the specific heat and 𝛿 is the density measured by the Archimedean principle.
Specific heat measurements were performed by the continuous scanning method under an argon atmosphere using a DSC 403 F3 apparatus (Netzsch). In the present case, the temperature dependence of 𝛿 was neglected. The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT was calculated from the relationship ZT = α²T/ρλ with an experimental uncertainty estimated to be ±17%.
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