Mcp 1

According to the instructions, the inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The IL-6 (MM-0190R2, MEIMIAN, Jiangsu, China), IL-17A (MM-70049R2, MEIMIAN, Jiangsu, China), IL-1β (MM-0040M1, MEIMIAN, Jiangsu, China), and MCP-1 (MM-0099R2, MEIMIAN, Jiangsu, China) were used for evaluating the level of inflammation in serum. The optical density was measured at 450 nm by a microplate reader (CMaxPlus, Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA). Their concentration was directly proportional to the optical density (450 nm) value, which was calculated by plotting a standard curve.

OA (HPLC $\ge$ 98 $\%$ ) was supplied from Yuanye (Shanghai, China) and dissolved by 2 $\%$ Tween 80 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS pH:7.2-7.4). Orlistat capsules were purchased from Aili (Chongqing, China). The kits of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ALT, AST, GSH, and MDA were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Co. (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- $\alpha$ (TNF- $\alpha$ ), Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 (MCP-1) was supplied from Meimian (Yancheng, Jiangsu, China). The primary antibodies of SREBP-1, TGR5, UCP-1, and $\beta$ -actin were purchased from Abclonal (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Meanwhile, Abcam (Cambridge, UK) provides the secondary antibodies and PPAR $\gamma$ antibody.

The blood was centrifuged at 3500 r/min for 15 minutes and supernatant was taken. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (MM-0047R1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) (MM-0190R2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (MM-0180R2), and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) (MM-0099R2) ELISA kits (Meimian, Jiangsu, China) were applied to evaluate the level of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in serum.
And the intestinal tissue was removed quickly for further ELISA test, and the blood stain was washed with normal saline at 4°C. The purified water was absorbed by filter paper, and 100 mg of intestinal tissue was cut to make 10% homogenate. Total protein concentrations were measured using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method. Malondialdehyde (MDA) (Jiancheng, A003-1-2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Jiancheng, A001-3-2) of the intestinal tissue were tested following the manufacturer's instructions. Finally, the optical density of the ELISA microplate was read at 450 nm using a microplate reader.