Hank s balanced salt solution hbss

Sitagliptin was purchased from Meilun Biotech (Dalian, China) and dissolved in normal saline. Soluble mouse recombinant M-CSF and RANKL were obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, United States). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), alpha-MEM and penicillin were purchased from Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, United States). Triton X-100, 4′,6-diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) and TRAP staining solution were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technology (Kumamoto, Japan). The Acti-stain 555 fluorescent phalloidin was obtained from Cytoskeleton Inc. (Denver, CO, United States). The Cell Tracker Green, Fluo-4 AM, Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), membrane dye DiI, and Pluronic F-127 were obtained from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, United States). Primary antibodies and secondary antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States). Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) cellular ROS detection assay was purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China).

ACS-grade solvents (acetone, methanol, and 95% ethanol), HPLC-grade solvents (water, methanol, and acetonitrile), glass wool, Gibco fetal bovine serum, glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid were acquired from the Fisher Scientific Co., LLC (Suwanee, GA, USA). Sephadex LH-20, Amberlite XAD-16, Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, gallic acid (>99%), (+)-catechin hydrate (>99%), chlorogenic acid (≥98%), protocatechuic acid (≥97%), vanillic acid (≥97%), fluorescein 3′,6′-dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofuran-1[3H]9′[9[H]xanthen]-3-one), Trolox [(±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid, 97%], TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine, ≥99.0%), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside hydrate (≥94%), iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (≥99.0%), iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (97%), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA, ≥97%), and 2,2′-azobis [2-amidinopropane] dihydrochloride (ABAP) were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride was obtained from the Indofine Chemical Company, Inc. (Hillsborough, NJ, USA). Advanced DMEM, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), penicillin-streptomycin, and trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

PSO was purchased from Jilin Baili Biotechnology (Changchun, China). Tween 20 was achieved from Ajax Finechem (Sydney, NSW, Australia). Cholesterol was obtained from Loba Chemi (Mumbai, India). Sterile water for injection was obtained from General Hospital Product Public Company Ltd. (Pathum Thani, Thailand). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade. The human prostate cancer cell line DU-145 and RAW 264.7 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), penicillin-streptomycin (P/S), and Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) were supplied by Life Technologies (Paisley, UK). RNA extraction for the anti-5α-reductase inhibition assay was conducted using a GeneJET RNA Purification Kit purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The expression levels of 5α-reductase genes were evaluated using KAPA SYBR FAST One-step RT-qPCR kits purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). The anti-inflammatory assay, which assessed the inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration, was conducted using a LEGEND MAXTM Mouse IL-6 ELISA Kit with precoated plates (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA).