Hydrochloric acid (hcl)

HPMC (Onimax Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand), PVP (Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku, Kyoto, Japan), MLT (Shanghai Chemical, Shanghai, China), sodium chloride (Carlo Erba, Milano, Italy), sorbitan monostearate (Span60), cholesterol, P407, chitosan from shrimp shells, mucin from porcine stomach, succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride and sodium hydride (60% in oil) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), dimethylformamide, methanol, chloroform, n-hexane, hydrochloric acid, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane (Labscan, Bankok, Thailand), and normal saline solution (NSS, A.N.B. Laboratories, Bankok, Thailand) were used as received.

Graphite powder (< 20 µm with purity > 99.9 wt.%, Sigma Aldrich, Germany), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃; Lab-Scan, Ireland), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), sulfuric acid (18.4 M H₂SO₄; Lab-Scan, Ireland), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), hydrochloric acid (12 M HCl; Lab-Scan, Ireland), aqueous ammonia (NH₄OH; Lab-Scan, Ireland), hydrazine hydrate (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), benzyl alcohol (Merck, Germany), ethanol (Lab-Scan, Ireland), nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂.6H₂O; Merck, Germany), sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Lab-Scan, Ireland), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), ethylene glycol (Sigma Aldrich, Germany), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF; Sigma Aldrich, Germany), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP; Sigma Aldrich, Germany) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄; Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were purchased and used without further purification. A water purification system (Barnstead nano pure, Thermo Scientific, USA) was used to obtain deionized (DI) water. A digital ultrasonic bath (Powersonic 505, Hwashin, South Korea) was used for sonication.

Lycopene, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2'‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and ferric chloride (FeCl₃.6H₂O) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich Inc., USA. Cocoa butter was purchased from Tropicalife CO., Ltd., Thailand. Methanol (HPLC grade), tetrahydrofuran (HPLC grade), deionized water (HPLC grade) 95% ethanol (Analytical grade), acetone (Analytical grade), hexane (Analytical grade), dimethyl sulfoxide (Analytical grade), and hydrochloric acid (Analytical grade) were purchased from Labscan Ltd., Ireland. Ammonium thiocyanate (Analytical grade) was purchased from Kemaus, Australia. Linoleic acid was purchased from Fluka Buchs, Switzerland. Plantasens^® HE20 (Cetearyl glucoside, Sorbitan olivate) was purchased from Clariant CO., Ltd., Thailand. Grape seed oil, almond oil, Avocado oil, olive oil, sesame oil, sorbitan oleate (Span^® 80), polysorbate 20 (Tween^® 20), and propylene glycol were purchased from Namsiang CO., Ltd., Thailand.

In the present research work, five different commercially available MCCOs, from the market were purchased, preserved and used in research work. Canola cooking oils were labeled as Kisan (K-1), Kausar (K-2), Talu (K-3), Apna (K-4) and Sufi (K-5). All the oils were observed for their expiry date and shelf life to ensure basic food quality. The purchased oil was brought to the Research Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry, University of Gujarat, Pakistan and then stored in the refrigerator at 4 °C for later analysis. All of the chemicals (absolute ethanol, methanol, and glacial acetic acid) used in the research work were of high purity analytical grade, and they were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid were from Lab Scan and Iso-octane, n-hexane and phenolphthalein were from Merck.