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8 protocols using uridine 5 triphosphate

1

Hybrid mouse cortical neuron cultures

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Primary mouse cortical neuron cultures were prepared as previously described from E14.5 pregnant C57BL/6J (Cat. #000664, Jackson) dams crossed to CAST/EiJ (Cat. #000928, Jackson) males18 (link). Hybrid cultures are thought to better model genetic variation associated with human populations58 (link). Dissociated cells were placed in multiwell plates coated with poly-D-lysine (0.1 mg ml−1) in Neurobasal medium (Life Technologies) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), B27 (17504-044, Invitrogen), Antibiotic-Antimycotic (15240-062, Invitrogen) and GlutaMAX (35050-061, Invitrogen). At DIV 3, a half medium change was performed with feeding medium identical to the plating medium except that we omitted fetal bovine serum and included 4.84 μg ml−1 uridine 5′-triphosphate (U6625, Sigma-Aldrich) and 2.46 μg ml−1 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (F0503, Sigma-Aldrich) to inhibit mitosis in dividing cells.
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2

Electrophysiological Recordings of KCNQ2/3 Channels

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All experiments used Ringer’s solution containing 160 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Hepes, and 8 mM glucose, pH 7.4 (NaOH). Intracellular pipette solution for KCNQ2/3 recordings contained 175 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 5 mM Hepes, 0.1 mM K4BAPTA, 3 mM Na2ATP, and 0.1 mM Na3GTP, adjusted with NaOH to pH 7.2. Rapamycin (LC Laboratories), uridine-5′-triphosphate, and oxotremorine-M (both Sigma-Aldrich) were applied in the superfusate.
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3

Compound 89 Synthesis and Characterization

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Compound 89, also known as 2-((ethyl(4-fluorobenzyl)amino)methyl)-7,8-dimethylquinolin-4(1H)-one, was purchased from ChemDiv (San Diego, USA). Adenosine-5′-diphosphate monosodium salt, ATP disodium salt, UDP monosodium salt, and isoproterenol hydrochloride were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Uridine-5′-triphosphate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Japan (Tokyo, Japan). 2-Thio-UTP was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Diadenosine 5′,5′″-P1,P4- tetraphosphate was purchased from Jena Bioscience (Jena, Germany).
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4

Murine Cortical Neuron Culture

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Neuronal cultures were prepared from E13.5 to E15.5 C57BL/6 WT or Ube3am−/p+ mice as previously described (Huang et al., 2012 ). Mouse cortices were dissected and trypsinized at 37°C for 10 min, and dissociated with a fire-polished Pasteur pipette in plating medium (Neurobasal medium with 5% fetal bovine serum, Glutamax, B27 (Life Technologies)), and Antibiotic-Antimycotic. Dissociated neurons were seeded onto 12 or 24-well plates with or without coverslips coated with poly-D-lysine (0.1 mg/ml) at a density of about 526 cells/mm2. Cultured neurons were maintained at 37°C with 5% CO2 and supplemented with Neurobasal medium containing 4.84 mg/ml Uridine 5′-triphosphate (Sigma), 2.46 mg/ml 5-fluoro 2-deoxyuridine (Sigma), Glutamax, B27, and 1× Antibiotic-Antimycotic at days in vitro (DIV) 3 and 9.
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5

Elucidating Purinergic Signaling Mechanisms

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Suramin and Reactive-Blue-2 (RB-2) were obtained from MP Biomedical (Santa Ana, CA, United States). DMEM/F12, advanced DMEM/F12, HEPES, L-glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin, FBS, Dulbecco’s PBS, apyrase, formyl-methionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), LPSs, adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP), uridine 5’-triphosphate (UTP), uridine 5’-diphosphate (UDP), adenosine, Zm 241385, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Collagenase type I, SuperScript III, gentamicin, B-27 and N-2 supplements, polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], EDTA, and TRIzol were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, United States). Collagen type I was purchased from BD Bioscience (San Jose, CA, United States). Y-27632, mrEGF, Wnt-3a, and R-spondin were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, United States). Noggin and M-CSF were purchased from PeproTech (QC, Canada). SYBR Green and DNAseI were from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN, United States). Flagellin was obtained from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, United States). Oligo(dt)18 was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). MRS 2500, MRS 2179, MRS 2578, AR-C 118925XX, PSB 1114, and 5-BDBD were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN, United States).
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6

Calcium Signaling Regulation in Cells

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Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution and the nominally Ca2+-free solution were prepared as previously described [24 (link)]. Membrane permeant acetoxymethyl (AM) ester forms of Fura-2 and Pluronic F127 were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, USA). Uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP), uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP), adenosine 5′-(γ-thio)triphosphate (ATPγS), forskolin, poly-l-arginine hydrochloride, SQ 22536, U73122, E2, and G1 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). G15 was obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK). H89 dihydrochloride and MDL 12330A were obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla, USA). All other general laboratory reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, and all cell culture reagents were obtained from Invitrogen.
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7

Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocyte Isolation

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Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP), uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP), cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP), and oligomycin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Imaging compatible Nunc™ Lab-Tek™ II 8-well chamber slides (Cat#: 155409PK), Hoechst 33,342 (Cat#: H3570), Tubulin Tracker™ Green (Oregon Green™ 488 Taxol, Cat#: T34075), neonatal rat cardiomyocyte isolation enzymes, supplements, and primary cell isolation medias were purchased form Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Neonatal rat hearts were generously donated from FIU’s animal facility. All the other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and were used as received without further purification.
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8

Quantification of Nucleotide Levels

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All reagents were of analytical grade. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), malachite green, adenosine 5′ -triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5′ -diphosphate (ADP), cytidine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (CTP), adenosine 5′ -monophosphate (AMP), uridine 5’-triphosphate (UTP), uridine 5’-diphosphate (UDP), guanosine-5’-triphosphate (GTP), phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineetahnesulfonic acid (HEPES), ammonium molybdate, Triton X-100, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), pyruvate kinase, phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP), luciferase, coenzyme A and P1,P5-Di (adenosine-5´) pentaphosphate pentasodium salt (Ap5A) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). D-luciferin was purchased from Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR, USA).
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