Cystine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Cystine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a naturally occurring amino acid that is used in various biological and chemical applications. Cystine serves as a core component in the production and analysis of cellular and molecular structures.

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Lab products found in correlation

40 protocols using cystine

Nutrient Deprivation Experiments in Cell Culture

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All nutrient deprivation experiments were performed in the absence of serum for 24 hours, unless otherwise indicated. Cells were plated in complete culture media, which was exchanged with nutrient-deprived media (described below) 1–3 days after cell seeding. Nutrient-deprived media was not changed throughout the course of the experiments, unless otherwise indicated. For non-essential amino acid deprivation experiments, MEM medium without glutamine (Sigma) was used, and 1X MEM non-essential amino acids (Sigma) and/or 4 mM glutamine (Corning) were added for the corresponding controls. For cystine deprivation experiments, DMEM medium without methionine, cystine and glutamine (Sigma) was used, and 0.030 g/L methionine (Sigma), 0.063 g/L cystine (Sigma) and/or 4 mM glutamine were added for the corresponding controls. For glutamine deprivation experiments, glutamine-free RPMI (Corning), glutamine-free DMEM (Corning) or glutamine-free IMDM (Sigma) was used. For leucine deprivation experiments, leucine-free RPMI (Crystalgen) or leucine-free DMEM (Crystalgen) was used. For glucose deprivation experiments, glucose-free RPMI (Crystalgen) or glucose-free DMEM (Corning) was used. In Figures S3D, S4A and S4B, SW1990 cells were starved of glutamine in the presence of dialyzed FBS for 24 hours (S4A and S4B) or 48 hours (S3D).

Lee S.W., Zhang Y., Jung M., Cruz N., Alas B, & Commisso C. (2019). EGFR/Pak Signaling Selectively Regulates Glutamine Deprivation-Induced Macropinocytosis. Developmental cell, 50(3), 381-392.e5.

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Quantitative Analysis of Sulfur-Containing Compounds

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A standard mixture (concentration: 10 μg/mL for each compound) was prepared from the standards cysteine, homocysteine, cysteineylglycine, γ-glutamylcysteine, cystine, and glutathione (168149-25 mg, 69453-10 mg, C01666-25 mg, G0903-25 mg, C8630-1 g, and PHR1359-500 mg) from Merck Life Science Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary). N-Acetylcysteine (A15409.14) was obtained from VWR International Ltd. (Debrecen, Hungary). Briefly, 150 μL of standard mixture was combined with 300 μL of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) solution (concentration: 100 μg/mL), 1020 μL of water and 30 μL of formic acid solution (0.01%, V/V). The reaction mixture was thermostated at 37 °C for 30 min. After cooling, standard solutions were prepared at the seven concentrations of 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng/mL by dilution with water.

Gál K., Asbóth G., Vass M., Bíró A., Markovich A., Homoki J., Fidler G., Paholcsek M., Cziáky Z., Németh N., Remenyik J, & Soltész P. (2022). Monitoring and recovery of hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction with rheopheresis in diabetic lower extremity ulceration with hyperviscosity. Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research, 19(6), 14791641221131788.

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Thymoquinone Antioxidant Mechanisms

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Chemicals: thymoquinone (TQ), cysteine, cystine, N-acetylcysteine, dithiothreitol (DTT), reduced glutathione (GSH) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Łyżeń R., Gawron G., Kadziński L, & Banecki B. (2022). GSH Protects the Escherichia coli Cells from High Concentrations of Thymoquinone. Molecules, 27(8), 2546.

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Metabolite Profiling of Isotope-Labeled Compounds

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[¹⁵N₁]-cholamine bromide hydrobromide salt (¹⁵N₁-cholamine) was obtained from the Metabolite Standards Synthesis Center (SRI International).²⁴ 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) was purchased from ACROS organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The following metabolite standards and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: iso leucine, leucine, valine, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, N-acetyl-aspartate (N-AcAsp), formate, fumarate, 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG), citrate, malate, alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG), succinate, pyruvate, acetate, lactate, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). [U-¹³C]-pyruvate, [U-¹³C]-lactate, 1-¹³C-acetate, 2-¹³C-acetate and 1,2-¹³C₂-acetate were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). Reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were purchased from ACROS organics (Thermo Fisher). 18 MΩ water was obtained using an ultrapure water system (Barnstead, Dubuque, IA).

Vicente-Muñoz S., Lin P., Fan T.W, & Lane A.N. (2021). NMR analysis of carboxylate isotopomers of 13C-metabolites by chemoselective derivatization with 15N-cholamine. Analytical chemistry, 93(17), 6629-6637.

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Bioactive Amine and Amino Acid Analysis

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The reagents were of analytical grade, except high performance liquid chromatography -HPLC solvents. Ultrapure-water was from Milli-Q Plus (Millipore Corp., Milford, MA, USA). Bioactive amines (putrescine dihydrochloride, spermidine trihydrochloride, spermine tetrahydrochloride, agmatine sulfate, cadaverine dihydrochloride, serotonin hydrochloride, histamine dihydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride, tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine hydrochloride), ammonium chloride, and L-amino acids (aspartic acid, serine, asparagine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine hydrochloride, threonine, arginine hydrochloride, alanine, proline, cystine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, lysine hydrochloride, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and norvaline) standards were from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). AccQ.FluorTM pre-column derivatization kit was from Waters (Milford, MA, USA). Analytical grade reagents were purchased from Merck (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) and Hexis Científica (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil).

Deus V.L., Bispo E.S., Franca A.S., & Glória M.B.A. (2020). Influence of cocoa clones on the quality and functional properties of chocolate – Nitrogenous compounds. LWT, 134, 110202-110202.

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Analytical Characterization of Quinoa from Xinjiang

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Quinoa was from Xinjiang, China. All solvents and chemicals were of analytical reagent grade or higher. Equipment included a water bath, spectrophotometer, centrifuge, incubator, electrophoresis tank, microscope, swirl mixer, and 80 mesh sieve. The amylase activity was 3,700 U/g and the lipase activity was 100,000 U/g. The equipment and conditions used for high-performance liquid chromatography were as follows: Agilent 1100 HPLC system (Agilent, USA), including online degassing device (G1322A), quadruple pump (G1311A), autosampler (G1313A), VWD detector (G1314A), and 1525 Binary HPLC Pump (Waters Co.); methanol (chromatographic pure) and acetonitrile (chromatographic pure) were purchased from TEDIA (United States); tetrahydrofuran, triethylamine, hydrochloric acid, crystalline tetrahydrofuran, triethylamine, hydrochloric acid, and sodium acetate trichloroacetic acid were all of analytical grade in purity; water was Millipore ultrapure water. Seventeen kinds of amino acid standards (Aspartic acid, Histidine, Glutamic acid, serine, Glycine, Threonine, Alanine, Arginine, Tyrosine, Cystine, Valine, Methionine, PhenylAlanine, Iso Leucine, Leucine, Lysine, and Proline), OPA, FMOC, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were purchased from Sigma (United States). FAPGG was purchased from Solarbio (China). S. aureus and E.coli was purchased from Bainer Biotech (China).

Fan X., Ma X., Maimaitiyiming R., Aihaiti A., Yang J., Li X., Wang X., Pang G., Liu X., Qiu C., Abra R, & Wang L. (2023). Study on the preparation process of quinoa anti-hypertensive peptide and its stability. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 1119042.

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Synthesis and Characterization of 2(C12Cys) GS

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Cystine (98%), n-dodecyl bromide (98%), and HSA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich,
USA. Acetone (99%, Merck, India), methanol (99%, S D Fine-Chem Limited,
India), hexane (98%, Merck, India), thymolphthalein (Kemphasol 98%),
and NaOH (97% Merck, India) were used as received.
The 2(C₁₂Cys) GS was prepared and purified by following the reported
literature method.^{38 (link)} The synthesis method
of the 2(C₁₂Cys) GS (Scheme S1) and its characterizations
such as elemental analysis, ¹H NMR (Figure S1), and FT-IR
(Figure S2) are given in Supporting Information.
All chemicals and buffer solution used were of pure analytical
grade. DDW (double distilled water) was used during the experiments.
Sodium phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4) was used to prepare the stock
solutions of 2(C₁₂Cys) GS and HSA.

Aslam J., Lone I.H., Radwan N.R., Siddiqui M.F., Parveen S., Alnoman R.B, & Aslam R. (2019). Molecular Interaction of Amino Acid-Based Gemini Surfactant with Human Serum Albumin: Tensiometric, Spectroscopic, and Molecular Docking Study. ACS Omega, 4(26), 22152-22160.

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Investigating Cellular Responses to Diverse Stimuli

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli strain O111:B4, erastin, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), Pam₃CSK₄, apigenin, buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) and cystine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Cell culture reagents and supplies were purchased from Life Technologies and Greiner Bio One respectively. HIV1- Tat_1–86 protein was obtained from Diatheva.

Figuera-Losada M., Thomas A.G., Stathis M., Stockwell B.R., Rojas C, & Slusher B.S. (2017). Development of a primary microglia screening assay and its use to characterize inhibition of system xc- by erastin and its analogs. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 9, 266-272.

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Quantification of Redox-Related Metabolites

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Oxidized glutathione, homo cystine, cystine, cysteinylglycine, α-lipoic acid, and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine were received from the Sigma Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). The derivatization reagent, 1-benzyl-2-chloropyridinium bromide, was synthesized in our laboratory as described previously [44 (link)]. The HPLC gradient grade acetonitrile used for chromatographic analysis, hydrochloric acid (HCl) utilized for the standard solution preparation, sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate (Na₂HPO₄·7H₂O), sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O), sodium hydroxide and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands). Deionized water was produced in our laboratory.

Borowczyk K., Olejarz P., Chwatko G., Szylberg M, & Głowacki R. (2020). A Simplified Method for Simultaneous Determination of α-Lipoic Acid and Low-Molecular-Mass Thiols in Human Plasma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(3), 1049.

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Comprehensive Biochemical Reagent Inventory

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Ammonium acetate, acetonitrile, phenylalanine, glycerol, and d-glucose were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Arabinose, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), ascorbic acid, biotin, bovine liver catalase, chloramphenicol, citraconic acid, copper (II) sulfate, 5′deoxyadenosine (5 dA), 5′-deoxy-5’-(methylthio)adenosine (MTA), diethylamine NONOate, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), dithiothreitol (DTT), ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS), horseradish peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, imidazole, isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), lipoic acid, malic acid, potassium ferricyanide, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), silver nitrate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sodium dithionite, xanthine, xanthine oxidase, histidine, cystine, isoleucine, methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and valine were obtained from Sigma. Amicon centrifugal filters were from Millipore, and Amplex Red was from Invitrogen. His GraviTrap™ was purchased from GE Healthcare.

Rohaun S.K, & Imlay J.A. (2022). The vulnerability of radical SAM enzymes to oxidants and soft metals. Redox Biology, 57, 102495.

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