The following materials were obtained commercially and used as received unless otherwise noted: [2 (link),2 (link)]paracyclophane (Jiangsu Miaoqiao Synthesis Chemical Co., China, 98%), aluminum chloride (Alfa Aesar, 99%), dichloromethane (Macron Chemicals, USA), anhydrous magnesium sulfate (J.T. Baker, USA, 99.5%), trifluoroacetic anhydride (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), Hydrochloric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 37%), sodium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), potassium hydroxide (Showa Kako Corp., 85.5%), Tetrahydrofuran (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%), N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (Alfa Aesar, 98%), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (355-BM-050/CF, R&D systems, USA), and silicon wafers (Goldeninent Inc., Taiwan). Gold substrates were fabricated on a 4-inch silicon wafer by depositing a 300-Å layer of titanium followed by a 700-Å layer of gold with a thermal evaporator (Kao Duen Technology Co., Taiwan). All silicon substrates were cleaned using a piranha solution (3:1 v/v H2SO4:H2O2) before use.
Aluminum chloride
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, China, India
Aluminum chloride is a chemical compound with the formula AlCl3. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and various organic solvents. Aluminum chloride is used in various industrial and laboratory applications due to its Lewis acidic properties.
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Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Potassium acetate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Ferric chloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetylcholinesterase, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Phenazine methosulphate, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
Nitroblue tetrazolium, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Butyl hydroxytoluene, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
P nitrophenyl α d glucopyranoside, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
α glucosidase, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
18 protocols using aluminum chloride
1
Paracyclophane-based Biomaterial Synthesis
2
Comprehensive Reagents and Procedures
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Folin–Ciocalteau’s reagent, bovine serum albumin, ABTS, acarbose, sodium dodecyl sulfate, EDTA, sodium bicarbonate, α-glucosidase, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, acetylcholinesterase, lipopolysaccharide, acetylcholine iodide, DTNB, TPTZ, chlorogenic acid, DMSO, and Trolox were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glycine was purchased from J.T.Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). DPPH, phenazine methosulphate, and nitroblue tetrazolium were supplied from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Butyl hydroxytoluene, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, sodium acetate, and potassium acetate were supplied from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Ammonium persulfate and TEMED were purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Tween20 was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid was supplied from Macron Fine Chemicals (Center Valley, PA, USA). Iron (III) chloride, aluminum chloride, as well as p-Nitro-phenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, UK). Disodium hydrogenphosphate, sodium carbonate, potassium peroxodisulfate, and potassium dihydrogenphosphate were obtained from SHOWA Chemical Co. (Sun Valley, CA, USA).
3
Comprehensive Analytical Standards Sourcing
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The methanol, isopropanol, dioxane, and dichloromethane were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, Pennsylvania-US). The acetonitrile and ethanol were purchased from Carlo Erba, (Cornaredo-Milano, Italy). The aluminum chloride was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). The natrium carbonate and 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) were purchased from Fluka-Fisher scientific (Rodano-Milano, Italy). The potassium acetate and methanesulfonic acid were purchased from Acros Organics-Fisher scientific (Rodano-Milano, Italy). The thujone, daidzin, genistin, daidzein, genistein standards, and ethyl decanoate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich-Merck (St. Louis, MO, USA).
4
Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibition Assays
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Gallic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, hydrogen peroxide solution, α-glucosidase, acetylthiocholine iodide, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), acetylcholinesterase, 5,5′-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic) acid, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine, and Trolox were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. Nitroblue tetrazolium, 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl, loroglucinol, and phenazine methosulphate were supplied by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside were bought from Alfa Aesar. Potassium dihydrogenphosphate, sodium carbonate, potassium peroxodisulfate, disodium hydrogenphosphate, and sodium carbonate were bought from the Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Sodium acetate, butyl hydroxytoluene, potassium acetate, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were supplied by Acros Organics. Galanthamine hydrobromide was bought from MedchemExpress.
5
Furfural Production from d-Xylose
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d -Xylose (>98%) from Alfa Aesar was used as a raw material for furfural production. d -Xylose (>99%), d -xylulose (>98%), d -lyxose (99%) and furfural (>98.5%) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich were used for product analysis. Aluminum chloride (>95%) and formic acid (88%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Acetonitrile (99.9%) used as a mobile phase for the analysis of product was obtained from RCI Labscan. Amberlyst 21 was purchased from Alfa Aesar for the acid catalyst removal process.
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6
Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid
7
Analysis of Antioxidant Compounds
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The following reagents were obtained from Sigma (Sigma–Aldrich, UK): XAD-2 Resin, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, Butylated hydroxytuolene (BHT), polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), gallic acid, and catechin. Acetone and methanol (HPLC grade), Xylenol orange, aluminum chloride, glucose, fructose, and sucrose (analytical grade) and hydrogen peroxide were obtained from Fisher Scientific (UK) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
8
Phytochemical Analysis and Bioassay of Plant Extracts
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The chemicals and reagents used were distilled water (EPHARM, Ethiopia), normal saline (EPHARM, Ethiopia), methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), atropine (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), tannic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), the standard drug furosemide (Denk Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany), and sodium pentobarbitone (Taj Pharmaceuticals Limited, India). Besides, other chemicals and reagents used for phytochemical analysis such as – aluminum chloride, ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), bromocresol green (BCG), ferric chloride, lead acetate, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and isopropyl alcohol, potassium hydroxide, mercuric chloride, potassium iodide, iodine, bismuth nitrate were obtained from Fisher Scientific (UK). All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade.
9
Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Methods
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Vanillin, ethanol, methanol, ferric chloride, aluminum chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide chemicals were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Reagents and standards including 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (trolox), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, gallic acid, phloroglucinol, quercetin and catechin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (Steinheim, Germany). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
10
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Assays of Asparagus
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Methanol (CN: 24229) used for the soxhlet extraction of asparagus samples was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). For the antioxidant assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (CN: D9132), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (CN: 472301) and gallic acid (CN: 398225) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aluminum chloride (Product code: 10558030) was purchased from Fisher-Scientific and quercetin (CN: Q4951) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) for use in total flavonoid content determination. Folin reagent (CN: F9252) and sodium carbonate (CN: 13418) used in total phenolic content determination experiments were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). In the use of ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, potassium ferricyanide (CN: 244023), trichloroacetic acid (CN: T6399), iron sulfate (CN: F1543) and iron(III) chloride (CN: 8039451000) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Protein denaturation assay was done with the use of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (CN: 232936-2) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Diclofenac Sodium (ATC code: M01AB05) purchased from Deva (Kucukcekmece, İstanbul, Turkey) in the form of ampoules.
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