Tga dsc 1 stare system

The analysis was carried out using the TGA/DSC 1 STARe System (Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH, USA) to determine the loss on drying (LOD), i.e., the percentage of residual humidity and solvents present in the powder at the end of the manufacturing process. For this purpose, approximately 4 mg of powder was placed in a pan of aluminium oxide, and the analysis was carried out in a nitrogen flow at 80 mL/min. The temperature was increased from 25 °C to 150 °C with a rate of 10 °C/min. The LOD was measured in the range 25–125 °C.

The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was recorded with a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer in reflection mode (Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54 Å) over a 2θ range of 3–70 °C. Metal element analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Contents of C, H and N elements were measured using a Vario EL III in combustion mode in the range of 950–1200 °C. FT-IR spectroscopy was recorded on a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrometer (4000–400 cm⁻¹) using the KBr pellet technique. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed by the TGA/DSC1, STAR^e system (Mettler Toledo) under a nitrogen atmosphere from 30 to 800 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹. Zeta potential of NiAl-LDH aqueous solution (0.5 wt%) was measured by Malven Zetasizer Nano ZSI instrument at 25 °C. TEM was observed on JEM 2010 with an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Particles were dispersed in water with ultrasonic and spread on carbon film, then dried at 80 °C for 10 hours in air. The bulk viscosity of solution was measured with a standard rheometer (MCR301, Anton Paar Physica).

The TGA was performed using a Mettler Toledo (Milan, Italy) TGA/DSC1 STARe system under N₂ flux. The materials were equilibrated at 30 °C for 15 min and then heated from 30 to 1000 °C at the rate of 10 °C min⁻¹.

A Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC 1 STARe System equipped with Gas Controller GC10 (Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) was employed in this measurement. The oxidation induction time (OIT) experiment was performed at 210 °C throughout the 50 min long measurement period (synthetic air flow: 60 mL/min). Investigation was carried out only for EN samples, and the pristine EN specimen was treated with ethanol for 24 h at 50 °C before the measurement.

To determine the SPION content in the electrospun products, a sample (2–5 mg) was weighed in an aluminum oxide crucible (70 µL), and an analysis was performed in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen flow 50 mL/min) in a temperature range from 30 °C to 650 °C (10 °C/min), using a thermogravimeter TGA/DSC 1 STARe System (Mettler-Toledo; Greifensee, Switzerland). The SPION content in the sample was calculated using Equation (1): $$\mathrm{SPION}\mathrm{content}=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_0-{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{LOSS}}}{{\mathrm{m}}_0}\times 100\%$$
where m₀ is the initial mass of the electrospun sample, and m_LOSS is the mass loss in the temperature range from 200 to 450 °C, estimated by the TGA. The electrospun products were sampled from three different locations on the collector. The results are expressed as the average SPION contents, with the corresponding standard deviations. All the experiments were performed in triplicates.
The residual moisture in the electrospun product was determined based on the mass loss in the temperature range from 30 to 150 °C in the same TGA. All the results are expressed as an average with the corresponding standard deviation.

Longan seed was used as the raw material in this work for the preparation of activated carbon. It was supplied by Saha-Prachinburi Foods Industry Ltd., a local fruit processing plant in Chiangmai province, Thailand. Longan seed is a round black inner seed of longan fruit and has a diameter of around 1 cm. N₂ gas of high purity grade (99.99%), CO₂ gas of high purity grade (99.99%), and air (99.99%) were supplied in gas cylinders by Linde (Thailand) PCL. The longan seed sample was kept for char preparation and was characterized for proximate analysis (wt% fixed carbon, volatile content, and ash content) and ultimate analysis (wt.% C, H, N, S, and O). The proximate analysis was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA/DSC 1 STAR^e System, METTLER TOLEDO, Switzerland) and the heating scheme proposed by Guo and Lua [47 (link)]. The ultimate analysis was determined by a CHNS analyzer (CHN 628S, LECO Corporation, USA). The thermal decomposition behavior of the longan seed precursor was also studied using the TGA by non-isothermal heating from room temperature to the final temperature of 700 °C using a heating rate of 10 °C/min under a constant flow of nitrogen gas.

A thermoanalytical test is the most commonly used method to estimate the thermal kinetics of biomass during a thermochemical conversion process. TGA analysis provides data about the phase variation of the sample, mass loss, and emission production depending on the nature of the sample [29 (link),30 (link)]. In this study, thermogravimetric curve and its derivative (DTG) allow us to investigate combustion process dynamics of dry and wet poplar by means of a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC1 STAR^e System in the following operating conditions: temperature between 25 °C and 1000 °C; a heating rate of 80 °C/min; and an air flow rate of 60 mL/min.