Lithium disilicate porcelain (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) is presented in form of rectangular blocks to be milled by a CAD/CAM machine. The rectangular blocks were trimmed into a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 3 mm using a milling machine. A total of 40 cylinders (5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness) of lithium disilicate porcelain were then obtained by sectioning the milled IPS e.max CAD cylinders using Isomet 4000 (Buehler, Germany) at speed of 300 rpm, as illustrated in Figure 4 . The obtained cylinders were sintered (Programat P310, Ivoclar Vivadent) following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Sintered cylinders were finished and polished with P1000 and P1200 silicon carbide papers using grinding machine Metaserv 250 (Buehler Metaserv, Buehler, Germany) before ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water and dry-stored.
Programat p310
Manufactured by Ivoclar Vivadent
Sourced in Germany, Liechtenstein
The Programat P310 is a dental laboratory furnace designed for the sintering and crystallization of dental ceramics. It features precise temperature control and a programmable firing cycle to ensure consistent and reliable results.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ips e max cad, by Ivoclar Vivadent (3 mentions)
Vitablocs mark 2, by Vita Zahnfabrik (2 mentions)
Vita suprinity, by Vita Zahnfabrik (2 mentions)
Isomet 4000, by Buehler (1 mentions)
Metaserv 250, by Buehler (1 mentions)
Vita enamic, by Vita Zahnfabrik (1 mentions)
Ips e max, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
13 protocols using programat p310
1
Preparation of Lithium Disilicate Porcelain Cylinders
2
Layering Ceramic Powder on Zirconia Samples
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Fluorapatite layering ceramic powder (IPS e.max Ceram Dentin A2/TI1; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) and liquid (IPS e.max Ceram Allround Build Up Liquid; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) were mixed and applied to sintered yttriumstabilized zirconia test specimens. It was applied by the manual layering technique into aluminum molds with dimensions of 6.5 × 6.5 × 1.4 mm, 6.5 × 6.5 × 1.8 mm, and 6.5 × 6.5 × 2.6 mm and fired in a porcelain furnace (Programat P310; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) according to the instructions. After firing, layering porcelain was added to the missing areas in the mold due to shrinkage (of around 20%) in the porcelain and then fired again. The surfaces of the ceramic samples were adjusted with a blue-belted diamond porcelain bur (Sigmadent, Istanbul, Turkey) and white polishing rubber (Nais Dental Polishers, Sofia, Bulgaria) to standardize the surfaces of the specimens; the procedure was performed for 10 s under water cooling by the same practitioner in a circular motion (rather than in one direction) until the desired dimensions were obtained.
3
Characterization of CAD/CAM Porcelain Materials
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The CAD/CAMs materials were Vita Suprinity, Vita Enamic, and Vitablocs® Mark II materials (Vita Zahnfabrik, H. Rauter Bad Säckingen, Germany). Fifty-four (19 in each group) specimens of machinable CAD/CAMs porcelain blocks were cut into square slices of 1.5 mm ±0.2 thickness and dimension of 12×14 mm using a CAD/CAMs machine (Amann Girrbach, GmbH, Durrenweg 40 75177 Pforzheim, Deutchland). Next, all specimens underwent finishing and polishing by 300- to 800-grit silicon carbide papers to achieve uniform thickness. Afterwards, all specimens were sintered in a furnace (Programat P310; Ivoclar Vivadent AG, H. Rauter Bad Säckingen, Germany) for 2 h at 1550°C, in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Specimens from every group were subdivided into 2 equal subgroups of 9 each on the basis of surface types (glazed or polished).
4
Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Occlusal Veneers
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The master dies were homogenously sprayed using fluorinated hydrocarbon pigment
suspension (Optispray, Sirona Dental Systems GmbH), then digital impressions of
all master dies were made using the Cerec scanner (Ineos Blue scanner, Sirona
Dental Systems GmbH). The same occlusal veneer design with identical external
contours for all groups was made. A simulated cement space of 25 µm strap of 0.5
µm above the finish lines was designed, then, additional cement spaces of 30 µm,
40 µm, and 50 µm were set forming the following three tested subgroups for each
type of material, a (25-30), B (25-40), and C (25-50)19 ,20 ,21 ,22 .
After designing each type of occlusal veneer material, the data was sent to the
Cerec in Lab milling unit (Sirona dental system GmbH. D-64625 Bensheim, German)
for occlusal veneers milling. After the milling process, occlusal veneers for
the vita suprinity samples were crystallized in program at the P310 furnace
(Programat P310, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan/Liechtenstein). No adjustments were
made to the ceramic veneers before marginal and internal adaptation measurements
18 ,23 .
suspension (Optispray, Sirona Dental Systems GmbH), then digital impressions of
all master dies were made using the Cerec scanner (Ineos Blue scanner, Sirona
Dental Systems GmbH). The same occlusal veneer design with identical external
contours for all groups was made. A simulated cement space of 25 µm strap of 0.5
µm above the finish lines was designed, then, additional cement spaces of 30 µm,
40 µm, and 50 µm were set forming the following three tested subgroups for each
type of material, a (25-30), B (25-40), and C (25-50)
After designing each type of occlusal veneer material, the data was sent to the
Cerec in Lab milling unit (Sirona dental system GmbH. D-64625 Bensheim, German)
for occlusal veneers milling. After the milling process, occlusal veneers for
the vita suprinity samples were crystallized in program at the P310 furnace
(Programat P310, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan/Liechtenstein). No adjustments were
made to the ceramic veneers before marginal and internal adaptation measurements
5
Evaluation of CAD/CAM Prosthetic Materials
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The CAD/CAM prosthetic materials were hybrid polymer-infiltrated feldspathic ceramic-network material (VE), leucite-containing feldspathic glass (VMII), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (VS) materials (Vita Zahnfabrik, H. Rauter Bad Säckingen, Germany). A total of 48 (16 for each material) samples of machinable CAD/CAM prosthetic blocks were cut into square slices with a thickness of 1.5±0.2 mm and dimension of 14×12 mm2 with the assistance of a CAD/CAM system (Amann Girrbach, Germany). Then, the samples were polished by 300–800-grit silicon carbide papers to gain an even thickness. Next, the samples were sintered in a dental ceramic furnace (Programat P310; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) for 2 h at 1550°C, in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions. Samples for each group of material (16 samples) were further divided into 3 equal subgroups of 8 based on the type of CAD/CAM prosthetic types. The samples were ultrasonically scrubbed with distilled water to remove any grease residue for 10 min and then dried for 20 s with compressed air prior to immersion [30 (link)]. A single operator (S. AlQ) works with the samples, following the directive presented in the leaflet of each CAD/CAM prosthetic ceramic type.
6
Fabrication and Characterization of CAD/CAM Ceramics
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A total of 81 glazed samples were prepared, with 27 of each of the 3 CAD/CAM ceramic restorative materials: IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), Vita Suprinity (Vita Zahnfabrik, H. Rauter Bad Säckingen, Germany), and Vitablocs Mark II (Vita Zahnfabrik, H. Rauter Bad Säckingen, Germany). All samples were manufactured using a CAD/CAM machine (Amann Girrbach, Germany). Blocks of material were installed on a milling machine (CAM) to produce 27 blocks from each material with a uniform and standardized dimensional size (16×12 mm) and thickness (2.1 mm) for each restorative material, following the manufacturer’s instructions. The samples were finished and smoothed with 300 to 800 grit silicon carbide paper (Dentsply Prosthetics Brasseler USA). After cleaning with distilled water in an ultrasonic machine, the samples were washed with isopropanol to remove any grease residue and were then dried with compressed air. The Vita Suprinity and Vitablocs Mark II samples were sintered for 2 h at 1550°C in a furnace (Programat P310; Ivoclar Vivadent AG), while the lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max CAD; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) blocks were crystallized, as recommended by the manufacturer. All samples of each group were further divided into 3 equal subgroups of 9 each according to the miswak oral hygiene aid type.
7
Thermal Treatment for Hydrophilic Surfaces
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Different temperatures were tested to find the optimal thermal treatment (TT) that led to an evident gain of hydrophilicity without altering other surface properties. Potentially suitable TTs have been hypothesized starting from the treatment developed by MacDonald et al. [13] . For each temperature, discs were put into a programmable oven (Programat P310, Ivoclar Vivadent, Italy), heated from room temperature to the established temperature through a 1-hour heating-ramp, kept at the chosen temperature for 1 hour, and finally, rapidly cooled down. Tested TT temperatures were 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 1,000°C.
Once an ideal TT to obtain hydrophilic surfaces was defined, discs were physically, chemically, and morphologically characterized.
Once an ideal TT to obtain hydrophilic surfaces was defined, discs were physically, chemically, and morphologically characterized.
8
Dry Milling and Sintering of Co-Cr Alloy Specimens
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The data regarding the framework design was transferred from the Ceramill Mind CAD workstation to the communicating milling machine (Ceramill Motion 2). Next, 8 specimens were dry-milled by using Co-Cr blocks (Ceramill Sintron blanks; Amann Girrbach) (Figure 3, Figure ). 7, (link)20, (link)24 (link) The specimens were then sintered in a Ceramill Argovent 2 sintering compartment (the Ceramill Argotherm 2 system; Amman Girrbach), in an atmosphere of argon gas at 1,280°C for 6 h. The specimens were all homogenous and had no distortions. For surface treatment prior to veneering, according to the manufacturer's instructions, the specimens in the lost-wax group were sandblasted with 150-micrometer aluminum oxide particles, while the specimens in the CAD-CAM group were sandblasted with 50-micrometer aluminum oxide particles for 20 s at an angle of 45° and a distance of 10 mm, under pressure of 3 bars (Basic eco microblaster; Renfert, Hilzingen, Germany). All specimens were subsequently cleaned with 80% ethanol in an ultrasonic bath for 5 min, and then placed in a furnace for oxidation and degaussing (Programat P310; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). 7, (link)22, (link)23 (link) The thickness of all specimens was measured with a digital caliper with an accuracy to 0.01 mm. Table 1 shows the information regarding the alloys used in the lost-wax and CAD-CAM techniques.
9
Zirconia Coping Oxidation and Shading
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Once the sintered zirconia copings were ready, they were subjected to oxidation and a thin coat of Zirliner (IPS e.max; Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY) was applied all over the sintered zirconia coping to provide white zirconium oxide frameworks with a shaded character. These were then heat treated in the baking furnace (Programat P 310; Ivoclar Vivadent) for 20min at a temperature of 960°C.
10
Fabrication of Feldspathic Porcelain Specimens
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A total of 40 cylinders (5 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness) of feldspathic porcelain VITAVMTM 13 (VITA, Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) were obtained using a custom-made brass mould with inner dimensions of 5 mm diameter and 3 mm in thickness. Feldspathic powder and modelling liquid were mixed using a plastic spatula until the mix was homogenous with a dough-like consistency. The mould was then loaded by the mix and excess liquid was removed by absorbent tissue. A key was then used to dislodge the specimens from the mould. All the specimens were then sintered in a porcelain oven (Programat P310, Ivoclar Vivadent) following the manufacturer’s instructions, as illustrated in Figure 3 .
Feldspathic porcelain undergoes ≈20% volumetric sintering shrinkage. For this reason, specimens were returned to the mould and a mixture of porcelain powder and the liquid was added again and then another firing cycle was carried out. Sharp edges were removed using a diamond disc mounted on a low-speed handpiece. Specimens were then finished and polished with P1000 and P1200 silicon carbide papers using grinding machine Metaserv 250 (Buehler Metaserv, Buehler, Germany).
Feldspathic porcelain undergoes ≈20% volumetric sintering shrinkage. For this reason, specimens were returned to the mould and a mixture of porcelain powder and the liquid was added again and then another firing cycle was carried out. Sharp edges were removed using a diamond disc mounted on a low-speed handpiece. Specimens were then finished and polished with P1000 and P1200 silicon carbide papers using grinding machine Metaserv 250 (Buehler Metaserv, Buehler, Germany).
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