A total of eight insecticides that target the VSSC and one cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor were used in this study: cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE, USA), cypermethrin (94.6%, ICI Americas), DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, 98%, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), DCJW (98%, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu, Tokyo, Japan), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), permethrin (99.5% pure, 24.1% cis, 75.8% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma‐Aldrich). All insecticides were diluted in analytical grade acetone (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA).
Piperonyl butoxide pbo
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Japan
Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is a synergist that is commonly used in insecticides and pesticides. Its core function is to inhibit the activity of certain enzymes in insects, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the active insecticidal ingredients.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Flumethrin, by Bayer (3 mentions)
Permethrin, by Chem Service (3 mentions)
Deltamethrin, by Chem Service (3 mentions)
Diethyl maleate dem, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Bioallethrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Bioresmethrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Tefluthrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Transfluthrin, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
1r trans fenfluthrin, by Bayer (2 mentions)
Tau fluvalinate, by Chem Service (2 mentions)
Pure ethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetone, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Fenpropathrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Indoxacarb, by DuPont (1 mentions)
Cis permethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Metyrapone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cyfluthrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Cypermethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
1 chloro 2 4 dinitrobenzene cdnb, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Triphenyl phosphate tpp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
6 protocols using piperonyl butoxide pbo
1
Insecticide Efficacy Evaluation Protocol
2
Screening Novel Plant Essential Oils
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Plant essential oils were obtained from Berje, Inc. (Carteret, NJ, USA). Oils were selected for their novelty compared to what has been screened previously in the literature [6 (link),8 (link),9 (link),11 (link),12 (link),13 (link),14 (link)]. Natural pyrethrins were obtained from Fairfield American Corp. (Newark, NJ, USA). Pure ethanol (100%) was used as a vehicle for plant oils and natural pyrethrins and was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (>95%) was also obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sucrose for sugar water was obtained from Domino (Baltimore, MD, USA).
3
Insecticide Screening for Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
A total of 20 insecticides that target the VSSC and two synergists were used in this study: acrinathrin (88.7%, Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA), bioallethrin (3.8% cis, 95.7% trans, Chem Service), bioresmethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), cis‐permethrin (99%, Chem Service), cyfluthrin (98%, Bayer CropScience, Leverkusen, Germany), cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE, USA), cypermethrin (94.6%, ICI Americas), DDT (1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane) (98%, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), diethyl maleate (DEM) (97%, Sigma‐Aldrich), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu, Tokyo, Japan), 1R‐trans fenfluthrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), fenpropathrin (99.5%, Chem Service), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), indoxacarb (DPX‐MP062, 100%), and its bioactive metabolite DCJW, (98%, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA), tau‐fluvalinate (93.8%, Chem Service), permethrin (99.5% pure, 24.1% cis, 75.8% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma‐Aldrich), tefluthrin (96%, Sigma‐Aldrich), transfluthrin (99.5%, Chem Service) and trans‐permethrin (99% FMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA). All insecticides were diluted in acetone (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA).
4
Fungal Biodegradation of Herbicides
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Cultures, growing in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of YMB medium (Pradeep et al. 2013 (link)), were inoculated with 3 agar plugs (1 cm diameter) cut out from mycelia on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates of Rigidoporus sp. FMD21 and the isolated fungi. The flasks were incubated at 30 °C and were shaken constantly at 200 rpm for 7 days. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and metyrapone were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Netherlands) and Cayman Chemical (Netherlands), respectively, and used as CYP inhibitors for degradation assays. The homogeneous pre-culture (5% v/v) was transferred to fresh YMB medium supplemented with 200 mg/l of 2,4-D and 100 mg/l of 2,4,5-T in the presence or absence of metyrapone (2 mM) or PBO (1 mM). A control was prepared by using heat-inactivated mycelium. All flasks were incubated in the dark at 30 °C on a rotary shaker (200 rpm). Cultures were sampled over time for analysis of laccase activity, DW and concentration of herbicide by LC–MS/MS. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
5
Insecticides and Synergist Evaluation
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
A total of 20 insecticides (representing diverse structures and known stereochemical composition) and three synergists were used (Fig 3 ): 1R-cis αS cypermethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience, Leverkusen, Germany), 1R-trans fenfluthrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), alpha-cypermethrin (99.5%, Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA), bioallethrin (3.8% cis and 95.7% trans, Chem Service), bioresmethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), cis-permethrin (99.4%, Zeneca Ag products), cyfluthrin (99.2%, Chem Service), cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas), cypermethrin (44.8% cis and 53.9% trans, Chem Service), N-decarbomethoxylated JW062 (DCJW) (98%, DuPont), DDT (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), diethyl maleate (DEM) (97%, Sigma-Aldrich), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Tokyo Japan), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), permethrin (24% cis and 76% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma-Aldrich), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) (97.3%, Chem Service), tau-fluvalinate (96%, Chem Service), tefluthrin (96%, Sigma-Aldrich), transfluthrin (99.5%, Chem Service), trans-permethrin (99%, FMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA).
6
Bioassays with Insecticide Formulations
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Bioassays were conducted with the commercial formulation of spirodiclofen (Envidor SC 24%, Bayer CropScience), spiromesifen (Oberon SC 24%, Bayer CropScience) and etoxazole (Baroque SC11%, Sumitomo Chemical, Japan). The synergists including diethylmaleate (DEM) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were provided from Sigma-Aldrich (Bornem, Belgium), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was provided from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Bovine serum albumin was used as a standard for protein determination (Sigma Aldrich, USA). For enzyme assays analytical grades of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMBZ) (Sigma Aldrich, USA), cytochrome C (Merck, Germany) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) (Sigma Aldrich) were purchased.
About PubCompare
Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.
We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.
However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.
Ready to get started?
Sign up for free.
Registration takes 20 seconds.
Available from any computer
No download required
Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!