The itaconic acid, succinic acid, 1,2-propandiol, hydroquinone and toluene were supplied from Acros Organics. The catalyst, zinc acetate, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The initiator, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO), and reactive diluents used for preparation of cured resins, dimethyl itaconate (DMI) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), were all supplied by Sigma Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received.
Hydroquinone
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Belgium
Hydroquinone is a chemical compound commonly used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a reducing agent, antioxidant, and developer in photographic processes. The core function of hydroquinone is to facilitate chemical reactions and processes within a controlled laboratory environment.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Catechol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Itaconic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Toluene, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Resorcinol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Optima grade acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
L ascorbic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Succinic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Zinc acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dimethyl itaconate dmi, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methyl methacrylate mma, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Toluene, by Chempur (1 mentions)
Ethyl alcohol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Glacial acetic acid, by Chempur (1 mentions)
Tetraethylammonium bromide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Methacrylic acid maa, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hydroquinone hq, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
20 protocols using hydroquinone
1
Synthesis of Itaconic Acid-Based Resins
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxy-Acrylic Copolymers
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The industrial-grade, low-viscosity aliphatic triepoxidetriglycidyl ether of trimethylolethane (Erisys GE-31), abbreviated to TMETGE, was purchased from Huntsman, (Houston, TX, USA). Acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), both stabilized with hydroquinone with a purity of 99.5%, was supplied by Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Triphenylphosphine (PPh3), Apollo Scientific, Bredbury, UK, was used as a catalyst in the reaction between TMETGE and AA or MAA, while hydroquinone (HQ, Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) was used as a polymerization inhibitor. All chemicals were employed as received.
The following titration reagents and indicators were used: glacial acetic acid, toluene, potassium hydroxide standard solution 0.1 M in ethanol (KOH) and crystal violet purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland); chloroform from PPH Stanlab (Lublin, Poland); ethyl alcohol from Avantor (Gliwice, Poland); tetraethylammonium bromide provided by Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium); perchloric acid standard solution 0.1 M in glacial acetic acid supplied by Fischer Chemicals AG (Zurich, Switzerland); phenolophtalein 1% in ethyl alcohol solution from Eurochem BGD (Tarnów, Poland). All chemicals were analytical grade and were used as received.
The following titration reagents and indicators were used: glacial acetic acid, toluene, potassium hydroxide standard solution 0.1 M in ethanol (KOH) and crystal violet purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland); chloroform from PPH Stanlab (Lublin, Poland); ethyl alcohol from Avantor (Gliwice, Poland); tetraethylammonium bromide provided by Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium); perchloric acid standard solution 0.1 M in glacial acetic acid supplied by Fischer Chemicals AG (Zurich, Switzerland); phenolophtalein 1% in ethyl alcohol solution from Eurochem BGD (Tarnów, Poland). All chemicals were analytical grade and were used as received.
3
Quantifying Osteogenic Mineralization via Von Kossa
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Osteogenesis was assessed by von Kossa staining and quantifying the area of
mineralization. After 24 days, four to five replicates from each genotype were
fixed with 95% ethanol for 15 min. The wells were then treated sequentially with
5% silver nitrate (Sigma–Aldrich) for 20 min in the dark and 0.5% hydroquinone
(Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) for 5 min under ultraviolet light, rinsing with
sterile water before and after each step. The wells were then treated with 5%
sodium thiosulfate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Stained wells were imaged with a
12.5-megapixel resolution 16-bit digital camera (Model D2X; Nikon Instruments
Inc., Melville, NY, USA). The area of mineralization (mm2) was
calculated from the automated tracings of the von Kossa–stained regions in the
central 80% of each well (Image-Pro Plus v9.1; Media Cybernetics, Inc.,
Rockville, MD, USA).
mineralization. After 24 days, four to five replicates from each genotype were
fixed with 95% ethanol for 15 min. The wells were then treated sequentially with
5% silver nitrate (Sigma–Aldrich) for 20 min in the dark and 0.5% hydroquinone
(Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium) for 5 min under ultraviolet light, rinsing with
sterile water before and after each step. The wells were then treated with 5%
sodium thiosulfate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Stained wells were imaged with a
12.5-megapixel resolution 16-bit digital camera (Model D2X; Nikon Instruments
Inc., Melville, NY, USA). The area of mineralization (mm2) was
calculated from the automated tracings of the von Kossa–stained regions in the
central 80% of each well (Image-Pro Plus v9.1; Media Cybernetics, Inc.,
Rockville, MD, USA).
4
Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
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All solutions were prepared with type I water. CTAB (>99%), CTAC (>99%), and hydroquinone (99.5%) were purchased from Acros Organics. HAuCl4 (99.9%), ascorbic acid (99.9%), and AgNO3 (99.9999%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. HCl (37%) and sodium hydroxide (98 to 100.5%) were purchased from Honeywell Fluka. Orion pH buffer solutions (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. All the reagents were used as received. The procedure to prepare the stock solutions is available in sections S3 to S5.
5
Synthesis and Characterization of Naphthoquinone Derivatives
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Drugs and compounds were obtained from the following sources: Sigma-Aldrich (Toronto, ON, Canada)- menadione, vitamin K2, NADPH, bovine serum albumin, hemin and L-ascorbic acid; Alfa Aesar- (A Johnson Matthey, Ward Hill, MA, USA)- vitamin K1; Tokio Chemical Industry America (Portland, OR, USA)- hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-naphthalenedione); Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA)- alpha-tetralone, 1,4-cyclohexanedione; Ryan Scientific (Mt. Pleasant, SC, USA)- pentafluoromenadione; Otava Ltd. (Toronto, ON, Canada)- furan-containing naphthoquinones, furan-benzoxazine containing naphthoquinones, 2-aminophenyl naphthoquinones and 3-(piperidin-1-yl) naphtoquionones. 2-Phenylnaphthoquinones were obtained from Snieckus Innovations (Kingston, ON, Canada). 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalene (methoxy analog of menadione) was a gift from Dr. D. N. Criddle, University of Liverpool, UK.
6
Photopolymerizable Biomaterial Synthesis
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Bromocresol green (95%), mixed triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salt (50 wt% in propylene carbonate), Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (97%), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate average with Mn of 250 Da, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate average with Mn of 575 Da, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate average with Mn of 700 Da, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (96 %), Isobornyl acrylate (technical grade), butyl acrylate (≥98%), sodium hydroxide (≥98%), ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (≥99%), and camphorquinone (97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methyl red was purchased from Chem-Cruz. Hydroquinone (99.5%) was purchased from Acros Organics. Avobenzone (97.8%) was purchased from AmBeed. All chemicals were used as received.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Materials
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Betulin
(98%) was purchased from BOC Sciences.
1,18-octadecanedioic acid (C18, >98%), 1,12-dodecanedioic acid
(C12,
>99%), dimethyl itaconate (DMI, >98%), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine
oxide (TPO, >98%), menthol (>98%), and dibutyltin dilaurate
(>95.0%,
stored at 5 °C) were purchased from TCI America. Itaconic acid
(IA, >99%), chloroform-d3 (CDCl3, >99.8%), dibutyltin oxide (DBTO, 98%), 4-dimethylaminopyridine
(4-DMAP, 99%), and hydroquinone (99%) were purchased from Acros Organics.
Glycerol (≥99.5%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol
(≥99.8%), dichloromethane (DCM, ≥99.5%), ethyl acetate
(≥99.5%), sodium hydroxide (≥98%), sodium chloride (≥99.0%),
and tetrahydrofuran (THF, HPLC grade) were purchased from VWR. Methacrylic
anhydride (94%, stabilized with ca. 0.2% 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Magnesium sulfate was
purchased from Thermo Scientific. All chemicals mentioned above were
used as received and stored at room temperature unless otherwise noted.
A Miller-Stephenson PTFE release agent (MS-122) was acquired from
Grainger. Nitrogen (N2, 99.999%), argon (Ar, 99.998%),
and liquid nitrogen (LN2, 99.998%) were purchased from
Airgas and used as received.
(98%) was purchased from BOC Sciences.
1,18-octadecanedioic acid (C18, >98%), 1,12-dodecanedioic acid
(C12,
>99%), dimethyl itaconate (DMI, >98%), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine
oxide (TPO, >98%), menthol (>98%), and dibutyltin dilaurate
(>95.0%,
stored at 5 °C) were purchased from TCI America. Itaconic acid
(IA, >99%), chloroform-d3 (CDCl3, >99.8%), dibutyltin oxide (DBTO, 98%), 4-dimethylaminopyridine
(4-DMAP, 99%), and hydroquinone (99%) were purchased from Acros Organics.
Glycerol (≥99.5%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol
(≥99.8%), dichloromethane (DCM, ≥99.5%), ethyl acetate
(≥99.5%), sodium hydroxide (≥98%), sodium chloride (≥99.0%),
and tetrahydrofuran (THF, HPLC grade) were purchased from VWR. Methacrylic
anhydride (94%, stabilized with ca. 0.2% 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Magnesium sulfate was
purchased from Thermo Scientific. All chemicals mentioned above were
used as received and stored at room temperature unless otherwise noted.
A Miller-Stephenson PTFE release agent (MS-122) was acquired from
Grainger. Nitrogen (N2, 99.999%), argon (Ar, 99.998%),
and liquid nitrogen (LN2, 99.998%) were purchased from
Airgas and used as received.
8
Antioxidant and Xylanase Activity Evaluation
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Hydroxytyrosol was provided by Seprox Biotech (Madrid, Spain). Quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, (±)-α-tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid, hesperidin, hesperetin, lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (LPS), MTT 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay kit, 2´,7´-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H 2 DCFDA) and 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (pNPX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Xylobiose was from TCI Europe (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). Hydroquinone was from Acros Organics. Catechol was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Resveratrol (RES) was from Seebio Biotechnology, Inc. (Shanghai, China). Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was provided from Zhejiang Yixin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Jinhua Shi, China). Silica gel G/UV254 polyester sheets (0.2 mm thickness and 40 x 80 mm plate size) for thin layer chromatography (TLC) were provided by Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). BxTW1 from T. amestolkiae, heterologously expressed in P. pastoris, was produced and purified as previously reported 18 .
9
Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide-Dye Conjugates
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We purchased benzylamine (BA, 99%), deuterated dimethyl oxide (DMSO-D6, 100%, 99.96 atom % D), deuterium oxide (D2O, 99.96 atom % D), 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl, 99%), N,N′-diisopropyl-carbodiimide (DIC, 99%), 37 wt%. hydrochloric acid (HCl, MQ 200), 2-(N-morpho-lino)ethane sulfonic acid (MES, 99.5%), Nile Red (MQ 100), piperidine (99%), Fmoc-D(OtBu)-wang resin (100–200 Mesh size, loading 0.67 mmol g−1), protected amino acids (Fmoc-A-OH (95%), Fmoc-V-OH (>98%), Ac-F-OH (98%), Fmoc-I-OH (98%)), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, >98%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), diethyl ether (Et2O, >99%) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 99%), triisopropylsilane (TIPS, 99%), N-ethyldiisopropylamine (99%, DIEA), 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-furazan (NBD-Cl, 98%), β-mercaptoethanol (>99%) and 4-methyl-morpholine (NMM, 99%) from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydroquinone (99%) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific and oxyma (97%) from Novabiochem. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from VWR. All chemicals were used without any further purification unless stated differently.
10
Genotoxicity Testing Protocol Compendium
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Unless otherwise indicated, chemicals and reagents were purchased from Merck Sigma-Aldrich and were >95% pure. The compounds recommended for genotoxicity testing by ECVAM [28 (link)] were etoposide (#E1383), methane methylsulfonate (MMS, #129925), hydroquinone (#H9003), taxol (ThermoFisher Scientific, paclitaxel, #P3456), Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP, #36735), N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea (ENU, #N3385), 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (AZT, #A2169), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, #A6636) (S1 Table in S1 File ).
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