Anaesthesia of rats was induced in a chamber (2–4% isoflurane mixed with 0.2 L/min 100% O2) and maintained with a face mask (1-2% isoflurane with 0.2 L/min 100% O2). Animals were kept on a heated table mounted on a rail system (Visual Sonics, Toronto, Canada). Ultrasound was performed with the Vevo 770 System and a 25 MHz transducer (VisualSonics). Heart rate was monitored; body temperature was monitored using a rectal probe and maintained at 37°C. Two-dimensional images of the pulmonary valve were obtained from the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the aortic valve and pulsed-wave Doppler recordings of the blood flow at the tips of the cusps of the pulmonary valve were obtained with the beam oriented parallel to the flow. The sweep speed for the Doppler flow recordings was 400–800 mm/s. Pulmonary arterial acceleration time (PAT) was measured and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) was calculated as described [38 (link)].
25 mhz transducer
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Canada
The 25 MHz transducer is a lab equipment product designed to generate high-frequency ultrasound waves. It operates at a frequency of 25 megahertz, enabling precise imaging and analysis applications in laboratory settings.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
8 protocols using 25 mhz transducer
1
Ultrasound-Based Pulmonary Pressure Measurement
2
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function
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Before rats were sacrificed under anesthesia with intraperitoneal injection of 10% chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg), echocardiography was performed with a VEVO 770 echocardiography system equipped with a 25 MHz transducer (Visual Sonics, Toronto, Canada). M-mode signals were collected, and data on the following measures of left ventricular functions were collected: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), and the ratio of flow Doppler E wave to A wave amplitude (E/A).
3
Echocardiographic Assessment of Rat Cardiac Function
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Rats were lightly anaesthetized with 1.5%-2% isoflurane via inhalation. Anaesthetized rats were subjected to a transthoracic echocardiography, using a Vevo 770 ultrasound with a 25 MHz transducer (Visual Sonics, Toronto, Canada). The left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD), and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) were calculated from the M-mode recording. All parameters were collected from at least three consecutive cardiac cycle measurements and averaged.
4
Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice
5
Echocardiographic Assessment in Rat Model
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Echocardiographic measurements were performed in isoflurane anesthetized spontaneously breathing rats using VisualSonics Vevo770 high-resolution imaging system equipped with a 25-MHz transducer (VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) as described [42 (link)] with modifications (See online supplement for details).
6
Echocardiographic Analysis of Heart Function
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At the end of week 8 and week 12, the rats in all of the groups were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (60 mg/kg). The hemodynamic parameters of the rats in all groups (control group, ACM group, EGFP group, Scramble-shRNA group, PRR group, and PRR-shRNA group) were measured by transthoracic echocardiographic scanning using the Vevo 770 imaging system equipped with a 25 MHz transducer (Visual Sonics, Toronto, Canada). Left ventricular function including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), and the ratio of the early peak to the late peak (E/A ratio) was measured. An average of 3 consecutive cardiac cycles was performed on all measurements by an experienced technician blinded to the rat group.
7
Bladder Ultrasonography in Mice
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Bladder ultrasonography was performed on mice using previously published methods24 (link),43 (link),48 (link). In brief, mice were anesthetized with 1.2 g/kg intraperitoneal urethane and placed in the supine position. The ultrasonography probe was delicately placed on the abdomen with sonographic jelly. The maximum sagittal cross-sectional area (CSA) of the bladder was measured just before micturition, and the minimum CSA of the bladder was measured just after micturition by ultrasonography. The largest CSA and smallest CSA reflect maximum bladder capacity and post-voiding residual volume, respectively24 (link),43 (link),48 (link). Bladder ultrasonography was performed with a Vevo 770 Imaging System equipped with a 25 MHz transducer (Visual Sonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) with saline or ATP instillation.
8
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function
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At the end of the experiment, the rats in the control group, DCM group, Ad-EGFP group, Ad-YAP group, LV-SC-shRNA group and LV-YAP-shRNA group were examined by echocardiography after anesthesia. Echocardiography was performed with a VEVO 770 echocardiography system equipped with a 25 MHz transducer (Visual Sonics, Toronto, Canada). M-mode signals were collected, and left ventricular functions were measured.
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