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8 protocols using microcrystalline cellulose mcc powder

1

Biobased and Biodegradable Polymer Composite

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Polylactic acid (PLA) Ingeo 4043D, with a content of 98% L-lactide, an average molecular weight (Mw) of 111 kDa, and a density of 1.24 g/cm3 was purchased from NatureWorks (Minnetonka, MN, USA). PHB powder with Mw 490 kDa and a density of 1.25 g/cm3 was purchased from Biomer (Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ABC) plasticizer from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder with a mean particle size of 20 µm was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Mixed softwood and hardwood waste was collected from wood exploitations and timber factories. Sulfuric acid 96% from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) was used for the treatment of MCC.
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2

Antimicrobial Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization

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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA, having an average particle size of 51 μm, and its density is 0.6 g/mL; carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (Na-CMC) was resourced from Sigma Aldrich (USA) with a molecular weight of 90,000 g/mol; epichlorohydrin (ECH) (1.18 g/mL) with purity ≥ 99% was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA); chlorhexidine purity greater than 99.5% CAS number 55-65-1 was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA); and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) ACS reagent with purity of ≥98% pellet was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich.
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3

Microcrystalline Cellulose and Titanium Dioxide Synthesis

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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, powder, size 20 μm, CAS No.: 9004–34-6), Titanium dioxide (TiO2, CAS No.: 13463–67-7), Epichlorohydrin (ECH, 99%, CAS No.: 106–89-8) and Methylene blue (MB, powder, CAS No.: 122965–43-9) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide (TBPH 40 wt.%, CAS No.: 14518–69-5) was obtained from Acros.
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4

Emulsion Formulation with Eugenol and Thymol

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Eugenol (98%), thymol (98.5%), NaOH, and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder (batch No. MKCJ3230, particle size 70–250 µm) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. (Rehovot, Israel). A similar MCC was previously characterized as having molecular weight of 50 kDa [37 (link)]. Deionized water was used to prepare the emulsion samples.
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5

Nanofibrillated Cellulose Synthesis and Characterization

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Never-dried nanofibrillated cellulose, made from northern bleached softwood kraft pulp, with ~3% consistency (dry pulp/slurry) and a width of 28.4 μm, was purchased from the University of Maine and used for further treatment. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 13%, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), sodium bromide (NaBr, 99+%, reagent grade, Sigma-Aldrich), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 0.1 N, Certified, Fisher Scientific), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 0.1N, Certified, Fisher Scientific), and ethanol (C2H6O, 95%, Decon Labs, King of Prussia, PA, USA) were used as received. Graphite (particle size of <20 μm) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, USA.
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6

Synthesis of Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials

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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder with a particle size of 20 μm was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Standard and ultra-long cellulose nanofibers (WFo and IMa) (5 wt% aqueous dispersion, DP 650, and DP 800) were obtained from Sugino Machine Limited, Toyama, Japan. Powderized Bamboo and bamboo waste microcellulose fiber (BW MCF) were obtained from Sanwa Company, Osaka, Japan, and sisal was acquired from Colombo, Sri Lanka. All the celluloses were dried under vacuum conditions at 50 °C overnight before use. Pyridine (Py) and oleic acid (OA) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industry, Osaka, Japan. Toluenesulfonyl chloride (p-TsCl), which served as an activating agent, was supplied by Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan) and stored in a desiccator cabinet. All the chemicals were used as received without further purification.
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7

Preparation of Cellulose-Based Ionic Liquid

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Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder with a particle size of 20µm was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Loius, MO, USA and was dried under vacuum conditions at 60 °C for 6 h before use. A total of ≥95% of 1-butyl-3-metylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc) was also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Oleic acid (OA) was supplied by Wako Pure Chemical Industry, Osaka, Japan. p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl), which acts as an activating agent, was provided by Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan) and stored in a desiccator cabinet with silica gels to prevent water absorption. All the reagents were used as received without further purification or treatment.
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8

Cellulose-based Emulsion Formulations

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Microcrystalline
cellulose (MCC) powder was
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Israel) (particle size in the range
20–160 μm; degree of polymerization ∼295, as given
by the supplier). Sodium hydroxide, n-decane, and n-hexadecane were obtained from Merck Chemicals (Israel).
Castor oil was provided by Chen Samuel chemicals (Israel). Canola
oil was obtained from a local supplier.
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