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6 protocols using ab96032

1

Comprehensive Protein Expression Analysis

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Calnexin, VEGFA, CD31, HIF-1 alpha, (AB0037, AB0063, AB0092, AB0112, Sicgen, Portugal), β-actin, α-tubulin (A5316, T6199, Sigma, USA), PPARγ, AKT, p-AKT(Ser473), VEGFR2, PI3K (#2443, #9272, #4058, #2479, #4249, Cell Signaling, USA), ANG-2, F4/80, Perilipin-A, GLUT4, p-IR(Y1361), GLO-I, C/EBPalpha, PGC1alpha, ANGPTL4, AT1, HIF-2 alpha (Ab8452, Ab74383, Ab3526, Ab65267, Ab60946, Ab96032, Ab40764, Ab191838, Ab2920, Ab9391, Ab8365, Abcam, UK), CD11c, CD206 (bs-2058R, bs-2664R Bioss, USA) TIE-2, IRβ (sc-324, sc-57342, SantaCruz Biotechnology, USA), CEL (KH025, TransGenic Inc, Japan).
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2

Western Blotting for Glyoxalase I Quantification

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Protein extracts (20 μg) were separated under denaturing conditions on precast 4% to 20% mini gels, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk. Membranes were incubated overnight with rabbit-anti-Glo1 (1 : 1000; ab96032, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or for one hour with mouse-anti-actin (1 : 5000; MP Biomedicals, Eschwege, Germany). Membranes were subsequently incubated with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody (1 : 5000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Europe; Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). Immunoreactive proteins were visualized on X-ray films using enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Densitometric analysis (ImageJ) was used to determine relative Glo1 levels, normalized to actin as a loading control.
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Glyoxalase I

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Serial 2 μm transversal sections were prepared from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded aortic sinus specimens. After deparaffinization and rehydration, sections were pretreated in target retrieval solution pH 6.0 (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) in a steamer for 30 min. After 5 min washing in TBS buffer (20 mM Tris, 137 mM NaCl, pH 7.6) sections were incubated overnight with anti-Glo1 (1 : 300; ab96032, Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The DAKO real detection system peroxidase/AEC Rabbit/Mouse (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark), containing biotinylated secondary antibody, streptavidin-HRP, and AEC/H2O2 substrate, was applied for further treatment, following the manufacturer's recommendation. Counterstaining was performed for 30 sec with Mayer's hemalum solution (Merck Darmstadt, Germany).
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4

Glutathione Metabolic Enzyme Assays

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Assay kits for determination of glutathione concentration (703302), and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (703102), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (703302) and glutathione reductase (GR) (703202) were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Antibodies against human GPx1 (ab22604), GST-ρi (ab134934), GR (ab55075), glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) (ab55435), glyoxalase I (Glo1) (ab96032), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) (ab176173) and catalase (ab16731) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA), while the antibodies against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (sc305062), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (sc373887) and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Histopaque (10771) and assay kits for determination of glucose (GAGO-20), cholesterol (MAK043) and triglyceride (TR0100) concentrations were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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5

Antioxidant Enzyme and Glycation Marker Analysis

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Salts and organic solvents used in this study were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich/Merck Portugal (Oeiras, Portugal) and Fischer Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Antibodies were used to target catalase, GLO-1 (Ab76110, Ab96032, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), CML (KH024, TransGenic Inc, Tokyo, Japan), MG-H1 (HM5017, Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands) and argpyrimidine (AGE06B, Nordic-MUbio, Susteren, the Netherlands). Calnexin (AB0037, Sicgen, Cantanhede, Portugal) was used as loading control.
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6

Molecular Mechanisms of Metabolic Regulation

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Salts and organic solvents used in this study were all purchased from Lonza, Sigma-Aldrich/Merck, Alfa-Aesar, Fischer Scientifics and Panreac. Antibodies used were targeted to Catalase, Glo-1, GLUT2 (ab76110, ab96032, ab54460 Abcam, Cambridge, UK), GLUT4, PPARgamma, Insulin Receptor, AMPK, phospho-AMPK-Thr-172, Sirt1, phospho-Sirt1-Ser47 (#2213S, #2443S, #3025S, #2532S, #2535S, #9475S, #2314S, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) NRF2 (sc-518036, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) phospho-NRF2 (Ser40) (PA5-67520, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA). Calnexin and GAPDH (AB0037, AB0049-20, Sicgen, Carcavelos, Portugal) were used as loading control.
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