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4 protocols using cellobiose

1

Disaccharide Characterization by HPLC

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Chemicals. N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDC) and maltose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), ethanol (HPLC grade) and methanol (HPLC grade) were obtained from Thermo Fisher.
The water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, MA, USA). The disaccharides isomaltose was obtained from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). Cellobiose was from J&K (Beijing, China). Melibiose was purchased from Aladin (Beijing, China). All the disaccharide standards were dissolved in water at 100 µmol/L.
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2

Comprehensive Carbohydrate Analysis in Ginseng

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Chemicals used in this study and their suppliers: Maltose, isoMaltose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, melibiose, trehalose, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose (J&K Chemical Ltd. Beijing, China); Sophorose (Shanghai Huicheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China); Laminaribiose (Beijing Chemsynlab Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing, China); Maltotetraose (Shanghai Acmec Biochemical Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China); Isomaltotetraose (Macklin, Shanghai, China); Manninotriose and mannotetrose (Megazyme, Bray, Ireland); Maltotriose, isomaltotriose, raffinose, melezitose, lactose, sucrose, NH3•H2O and PMP (Aladdin, Shanghai, China); Methanol (HPLC grade) (Fisher Chemical Company, Pittsburgh, PA, USA); High-purity helium, nitrogen and argon (99.999%) (Changchun Juyang Gas Co., Ltd. Changchun, China). Ultrapure water (specific conductivity, 18.2 MΩ/cm) was produced by a MilliQ device (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). Dried ginseng, American ginseng, and red ginseng for five years were purchased from Jilin Mingyou Company (Changchun, China). Fresh ginseng and fresh American ginseng were obtained from Wanliang market (Jilin, China).
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3

Comprehensive Carbohydrate Characterization

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Kojibiose, maltose, isomaltose, nigerose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, melibiose, trehalose, α-cyclodextrin, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, and PHN were bought from J&K Chemical Ltd. (Beijing, China). Sophorose was acquired from Shanghai Huicheng Biotechnology Co, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Laminaribiose was acquired from Beijing Chemsynlab Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). Maltotriose, raffinose, melezitose, sucrose, PMP, and lactose were acquired from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Methanol (HPLC grade) was obtained from Fisher Chemical Company. All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. High-purity helium, nitrogen, and argon (99.999%) were supplied by Changchun Juyang Gas Co., Ltd. (Changchun, China). Ultrapure water (specific conductivity, 18.2 MΩ/cm) was produced by a MilliQ device (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA).
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4

Enzymatic Characterization of Steviol Glycosides

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Rebaudioside D (RD), Rebaudioside M (RM), Rebaudioside A (RA), stevioside, and the crude steviol glycosides extract containing about 45% stevioside were gifts from Zhucheng Haotian Pharm Co., Ltd. (Weifang, China). Rubusoside and steviol were purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, and Rebaudioside B (RB) were prepared by alkaline hydrolysis from rubusoside, stevioside, and RA, respectively, with 0.5 N NaOH at 100°C for 15 min in this work (Nakano et al., 1998 (link)). p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-β-Glc), p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine (pNP-β-Glc NAc), p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronic acid (pNP-β-GlcA), p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-β-Gal), p-nitro -phenyl-β-fucose (pNP-β-Fuc), p-nitrophenyl-β-manno -pyranoside (pNP-β-Man), p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-α-Glc), and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-α-Gal) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (United States). Esculin, cellobiose, laminaribiose, and gentiobiose were purchased from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The Phusion DNA polymerase was KOD-Plus-Neo from Toyobo Co., Ltd., Life Science Department (Osaka, Japan). T5 Exonuclease and restriction enzymes were from New England Bio-Labs. Glucose Assay Kit was from Biosino Bio-Technology and Science Inc. (Beijing, China). The other chemicals used were analytical grade.
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