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Dry milk

Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany

Dry milk is a type of lab equipment used for the dehydration and preservation of milk products. It functions to remove the water content from liquid milk, resulting in a powdered or granulated milk substance that can be easily stored and transported. The core purpose of dry milk is to maintain the nutritional and chemical properties of milk in a concentrated and stable form.

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8 protocols using dry milk

1

SARS-CoV-2 Antigen ELISA Coating Protocol

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The SARS-CoV-2 antigens were diluted in 1× PBS and used to coat 96-well ELISA plates (4 HBX, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA, 3855). The plates were coated with 100 μL of diluted RBD antigen (3.75 μg/mL) or diluted N antigen (4 μg/mL) per well and incubated for 4 h at 20 °C (RT) or overnight at 4 °C. The plates were washed three times with PBS-T (TWEEN 20 at 0.1%, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA, P1379) and then blocked with PBS-T + 3% milk powder (weight/volume, “Dry Milk”, Sigma #P4739), at 200 μL blocking solution per well at 20 °C (RT) for 2 h. The blocking solution was removed, and the plates were then dried at 20 °C (RT) for 2 h or overnight. The dried plates were then sealed with MicroAmp™ Clear Adhesive Film (ThermoFisher, 4306311) and stored at 4 °C in a bag with desiccant (Sigma, 1038040001) in Silver Metallized Zipper Pouch Bags (ClearBags, ZBGM4S).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expression

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Cells were collected by trypsinization and lysed at 4°C in NP40 buffer (Invitrogen) supplemented with complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche), PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche) and PMSF (1 mM). Protein concentrations were determined with the Biorad DC protein assay kit (Bio-Rad). Whole-cell protein lysates were resolved on 4%–12% Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad). After blocking nonspecific binding sites for 1 h using 5% dry milk (Sigma) in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) supplemented with 0.2% Tween-20 (TBS-T), membranes were incubated overnight with primary antibody at 4°C. Chemiluminescent detection was performed with the appropriate secondary antibodies and developed using Genemate Blue ultra autoradiography film (VWR).
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3

Immunofluorescent Staining of Mouse Skin

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Skin samples were harvested from mouse chest skin and were fixed in acetone for 5 minutes at −20°C or in 4% paraformaldehyde (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in PBS for 15 minutes at RT and were rehydrated or washed in PBS for 5 minutes. They were blocked in 3% dry milk (Sigma) in PBS with 5% goat serum and anti-mouse CD16/32 antibody to block Fc receptors for at least an hour at RT. Primary antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes were diluted in blocking buffer and incubated overnight at 4°C. After washing, sections were mounted with Prolong Gold with DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific). For Caspase-11/Caspase-4 staining, sections were blocked in 3% dry milk in PBS with 5% goat serum, washed in PBS, and then incubated overnight at 4°C with an anti-caspase 4 antibody diluted in blocking buffer. Primary antibody was detected with goat anti-rat polyclonal antibody conjugated with AlexaFluor 568 (abcam). Images were observed with Zeiss Axio Observer. Z1 (Carl Zeiss) and collected with the Axiovision software (ver. 4.8). Adjustments of signal levels, if needed, were performed on Photoshop CC 2019 (Adobe) or ImageJ software (version 1.52K), where controls were also treated identically.
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4

Immunoblotting of Signaling Proteins

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Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich, Søborg, Denmark). The samples were sonicated, subjected to SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotted. The blots were blocked with 2.5% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, Søborg, Denmark) or 5% dry milk (BD) in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich, Søborg, Denmark), containing 0.1% Tween20 (Sigma-Aldrich, Søborg, Denmark) prior to probing with the following primary antibodies: RFP (AB223), GFP (D5.1), Flag (M2), phosphor-p44/42 MAPK (SC-9101), P-Akt (S473), beta-actin (AC-15), and Vinculin (V9131). Appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were used for development (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Ely, UK).
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5

Whole Cell Protein Extraction and Western Blotting

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Cells were collected by trypsinization and lysed at 4 °C in NP40 buffer (Invitrogen) supplemented with complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche), PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche) and PMSF (1 mM). Protein concentrations were determined with the Biorad DC protein assay kit (Bio-Rad). Whole cell protein lysates were resolved on 4–12% Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad). After blocking nonspecific binding sites for 1 h using 5% dry milk (Sigma) in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) supplemented with 0.2% Tween-20 (TBS-T), membranes were incubated overnight with primary antibody at 4 °C. Chemiluminescent detection was performed with the appropriate secondary antibodies and developed using Genemate Blue ultra-autoradiography film (VWR). Uncropped versions of all western blots can be found in Supplementary Fig. 9.
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6

Western Blotting Analysis of SerpinA5 and PCI

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SDS PAGE was performed with 10% acrylamide gels according to the method of Laemmli [51 (link)] and followed by Western blotting. After protein transfer, PVDF membranes were blocked with PBST (135 nM NaCl, 1.3 mM KCl, 2.5 mM Na2HPO4, 0.5 mM KH2PO4, 0.1% Tween-20) containing 5% dry milk (Sigma-Aldrich, Austria) for 1 hour at RT. Primary antibodies were incubated in PBST-5% milk at 4°C overnight. Membranes were washed 5 times for 5 min each in PBST. The secondary peroxidase-labeled antibody was applied for 45 min in PBST-5% milk. After washing, peroxidase reactions were detected with SuperSignal West Femto (Thermo Scientific, Austria). Primary antibodies used were monoclonal mouse anti-serpinA5-IgG (0.5 μg/ml, R&D Systems, UK) and polyclonal rabbit anti-PCI-IgG (7.4 μg/ml) [37 (link)]. The respective secondary antibodies were peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit-IgG (0.11 μg/ml, GE Healthcare, Austria), and HRP-conjugated sheep anti-mouse-IgG (0.13 μg/ml, GE Healthcare, Austria). Page Blue staining of SDS-gels was performed according to the product manual (PageBlue Protein staining solution, Thermo Fisher Scientific Biosciences GmbH, Austria).
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expression

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Cells were lysed in lysis buffer (1.9 mg/ml ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 8.2 mg/ml deoxycholic acid, 3% SDS), electrophoretically run on a 10% sodium SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL, USA). After being blocked at room temperature for 1 hr with 5% dry milk (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies (Table 1). The membranes were incubated for 1 hr with secondary antibodies (1:10,000) horseradish peroxidase conjugated (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). The reaction was revealed by using the SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate (Pierce). Images were acquired on a Kodak image station 440 CF. Densitometric analysis was performed by using Kodak MJ project program (Kodak, Milan, Italy) and results were expressed as the mean value from at least three independent experiments relatively to β-actin levels.
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8

Western Blot Protein Detection Protocol

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Cells were lysed in lysis buffer (1.9 mg/mL EDTA, 8.2 mg/mL deoxycholic acid, and 3% SDS), electrophoretically run on a 10% sodium SDS-PAGE, and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL). After being blocked at room temperature for 1 h with 5% dry milk (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies and then for 1 h with appropriate secondary antibodies. The reaction was revealed using the Amersham ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent (GE Healthcare, UK). Images were acquired on a Kodak image station 440 CF.
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