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7 protocols using vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf)

1

Cytokine Secretion Quantification

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To determine the secretion level of various cytokines, culture supernatants were collected from the hypoxic- or normoxic-cultured cells. ELISA kits for PGE2 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), PGI2 (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) and VEGF (RayBiotech, Norcross, GA, USA) were used according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
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2

Neurotrophic Factors Quantification

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Neurotrophic factors were measured in conditioned media from undifferentiated and differentiated cells using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for human‐specific insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; Raybiotech, Norcross, Georgia), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; Raybiotech).
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Rectal Proteins

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All relevant pieces of rectal segments were fixed by 4% neutral formalin, routine procedures were applied for tissue preparation and embedded into the paraffin blocks. Sections were stained immunohistochemically by using Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase method with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies tagged to indicate cell and tissue antigens, according to a previously described method [13 (link)]. Primary antibodies against inflammatory markers for TNF-α (Clontech Laboratories Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α: Novus Bio Inc., Littleton, CO, USA), IL-1β (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA), FGF-2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.), and angiogenesis marker of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF: RayBiotech Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) were used. All antibodies were diluted as 1:100 with fresh phosphate buffer saline. Positively stained regions with relevant antigens were analyzed semiquantitatively in terms of staining intensity (modified H-SCORE analysis) given values between 0–300 and percentages for 5 different regions of each slide [13 (link)]. Thereby, rectal localization of these proteins and variance of the staining intensity and regional differences were determined.
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4

Growth Factor Quantification in PRPr

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Levels of VEGF (RayBiotech, Inc., Norcross, GA, United States), bFGF (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, United States), EGF (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, United States), PDGF (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), and TGFβ (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, United States) in PRPr were determined by ELISA.
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5

Plasma Biomarker Quantification Protocol

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Venous blood was obtained at baseline (0 week visit) and at 8 weeks. Patient plasma was immediately collected and stored at −80°C until use. Parameters measured included: VEGF, tPA, sE- Selectin, bFGF, VCAM-1, and sICAM-1 in patient plasma by ELISA using commercially available Kits (bFGF, VCAM-1, and sICAM-1: RayBiotech Inc, Norcross, GA;. tPA: Abcam, Cambridge, MA; .sE-selectin and VEGF: R&D Systems Inc, Minneapolis, MN; PINP: MyBioSource, San Diego, CA). Proper dilutions were made to ensure that the concentration fell within the standard curve. Samples were all above the detection limit of the assay. Samples were run in duplicate. Anti-human primary antibodies were coated on a 96-well plate before the addition of samples and standards. Sandwich ELISA was completed by adding biotinylated anti-human antibodies, followed by streptavidine-HRP and substrate solution. The optical density of each well was measured using an ELISA plate reader (BioTeK, Winooski, VT).
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6

Cytokine and VEGF Quantification

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was adopted for the estimations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Komabiotech, Korea), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (RayBiotech) with the help of commercially available ELISA kits on tissue homogenate. The procedure for the following estimation was carried out as per the instructions given by the manufacture.
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7

VEGF and VEGFR2 Quantification by ELISA

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The VEGF (P58294, RayBiotech, Norcross, GA, United States) and VEGFR2 (P35968, RayBiotech) in the cell lysates were determined by ELISA kit. The assays were conducted in duplicate according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
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