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6 protocols using sodium tungstate dihydrate

1

Synthesis of Bi-based Photocatalysts

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Bismuth(iii) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, 99.0%), sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·2H2O, 99.5%), ethylene glycol ((CH2OH)2, EG, 96.0%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 96.0%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.7%), isopropanol ((CH3)2CHOH, IPA, 99.7%), and triethanolamine ((CH2CH2OH)N, TEOA, 99.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Norfloxacin (C16H18FN3O3, NOR, 98.0%), enrofloxacin (C19H22FN3O3, ENR, 98.0%), and p-benzoquinone (C6H4O2, p-BQ, 97.0%) were supplied by Aladdin Company (Shanghai, China). Degussa P25-TiO2 nanoparticle was purchased from Degussa Corporation (Germany). Indium-tin oxide glass (ITO) was obtained from South China Science & Technology Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China) All chemicals used in this research were analytical reagent grade without further purification. Milli-Q water (a minimum resistivity of 18.25 MΩ cm) was used as the solvent for all the solutions or dispersions.
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2

Silica Extraction from Rice Husk Ash

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Fresh rice husk was obtained from local farms. The silica was then extracted from the RHA using alkali dissolution and acid leaching processes according to our previous work.30 (link) Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·2H2O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH, 25 wt% in H2O) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen gas (all 99.999%) used in this work were supplied by Shenyang Shuntai Special Gas.
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3

Fabrication of Bismuth Tungstate Photocatalyst

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Skimmed cotton fibers were
purchased from Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University. Bismuth
nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O) and sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·2H2O) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. RhB
and TC-HCl were purchased from Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Co. Other
chemical reagents were of analytical grade and could be used without
further purification.
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4

Synthesis of Tungsten-Doped Bismuth Sulfide

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All these reagents used in the experiment were of analytical grade, and were not purified further before use. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), thiourea (CH4N2S), copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2·3H2O), sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·5H2O) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were provided by the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China, http://www.sinoreagent.com).
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5

Tetracycline Hydrochloride Photocatalytic System

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Tetracycline hydrochloride was purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). Sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·2H2O), bismuth(iii) nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), and potassium iodide (KI) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Isopropanol (IPA), triethanolamine (TEOA), and formic acid (HCOOH) were purchased from Aladdin Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Benzoquinone (BQ) and sodium azide (NaN3) were purchased from Titan Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). All chemicals were of analytical grade. Deionized water (18.25 MΩ cm−1) was used for all experiments.
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyoxometalate Compounds

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Sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·2H2O), Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4), Iron nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ODAB) were acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., China. Cisplatin and carboplatin were purchased from Nanjing Jingzhu Bio-technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Trypsin, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, United States). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), RPMI-1640 Medium and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, United States). Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit and cell cycle kit were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, United States). All chemicals and solvents were used as received from commercial sources without further purification. (TEA)10[(PW11FeO39)2O]·3H2O and (TMA)10[(PW11FeO39)2O]·4H2O (TEA = tetraethyl ammonium bromide, TMA = tetramethyl ammonium bromide) were prepared according to the literature (Pichon et al., 2008 (link)), and the characteristic data were consistent with previously published values (Pichon et al., 2008 (link); Santos et al., 2012 (link)).
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