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35 protocols using c011 2 1

1

Metabolic Cage Assessment of Renal Function

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A metabolic cage was used to collect urine. Urinary volume, urinary glucose excretion (BC2505; Solarbio), urinary albumin (MM-44287M1; MEIMIAN), and urinary creatinine (C011-2-1; Nanjing JianCheng Bioengineering Institute) were measured every 2 weeks. At the end of the 12-week intervention, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (BC1535; Solarbio) and creatinine (C011-2-1; Nanjing JianCheng Bioengineering Institute) were determined by biochemical methods, and the kidneys were weighed.
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2

Biochemical Markers of Renal Function

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Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were measured by commercial kits (C013-1-1 and C011-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng, China). Relative LDH release was determined using a commercial kit LDH (BC0680, Solarbio, Beijing, China). The levels of renal malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured using specific kits (A003-1, A001-1, A007-1, A061-1, Nanjing Jiancheng, China). Data were normalized to total protein concentration determined by the BCA protein assay kit (P0012S, Beyotime, China).
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3

Biomarker Evaluation of Kidney Function

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Levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), and 24-h urine protein (24 h-UP) were determined using assay kits (C013-2-1, C011-2-1, C035-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, China), according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
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4

Nanoparticle Toxicity Screening in Mice

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Healthy mice were intravenously injected with different nanoparticles for 24 h or 2 weeks and the blood was collected for detecting CRE, ALT and AST concentrations according to the kit instructions (Cat No. C011-2-1, C010-2-1, C009-2-1, Jiancheng, Nanjing, China). The livers were collected and stained with H&E for histopathological analysis.
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5

Serum Biomarkers in Mice

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The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) in mice were measured by urease and sarcosine oxidase assays, respectively, according to the manufacturer (Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China; kit numbers C013-2-1 and C011-2-1, respectively).
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6

Evaluating Organ Damage in Ischemia-Reperfusion

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Lung,52 (link) liver,53 (link) and kidney54 (link) histopathological damage scores were assessed 6 h after reperfusion as described previously. The lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio was measured as previously described.55 (link) An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) assay kit (C009-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) and aspartate aminotransferase assay kit (C010-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) were used to detect ALT and AST levels in plasma to reflect liver damage. A creatinine (Cr) assay kit (C011-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute) was used to detect Cr levels in plasma to reflect kidney damage. The specific steps of all kits are shown in the kit instructions.
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7

Comprehensive Blood Biomarker Analysis

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Fasting venous blood samples were collected with standard procedure by trained investigators to measure the concentrations of Na, K, and Cl, and testosterone, cortisol, creatinine, and copeptin.
The concentrations of electrolyte (including the sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate) were tested, as described before in our previous study [14 (link)]. The testosterone, cortisol, and copeptin levels were determined by a trained investigator using Imark microplate reader (Bio-Rad 680, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The creatinine level was assessed using the sarcosine oxidase method (C011-2-1, Jiancheng, Nanjing, China).
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8

Comprehensive Nutrient Analysis Across Samples

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Crude protein in the feed, feathers, carcasses, chyme, and feces was determined with a Kjeldahl nitrogen meter [27 (link)]. Tryptophan was determined by the national standard GBT15400-2018 method; other amino acids in the feed, feathers, carcasses, digesta, and feces were determined by a fully automated amino acid analyzer [28 (link)]. Creatinine content in the feces from trial 2 was analyzed with a Sarcosine oxidase method using its specific assay kits (C011-2-1) purchased from the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute of China. TiO2 in feed and ileal digesta from trial 4 was measured by the spectrophotometric method [29 ].
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9

Biochemical Profiling of Serum Markers

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Serum levels of creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were determined by spectrophotometry (Multiskan GO. Thermo Scientific) using commercial kits (Cat no: C011-2-1, C013-2-1, C004-2-1, and C006-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Quantification of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was performed using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA Cat no: E-EL-M0709c and E-EL-M2415c, Elabscience, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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10

Kidney Function and Oxidative Stress

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Serum was collected to measure BUN (C013-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) and Scr (C011-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng) by colorimetric. The kidney tissue was collected and homogenized (10%, w/v), and the lysate was collected to measure MDA (S0131S, Beyotime, Shanghai, China) content, SOD (S0109, Beyotime), and CAT (S0051, Beyotime) activities using commercially available kits.
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