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9 protocols using typhoon 9400 variable mode imager

1

Gel-Based Protein-DNA Interaction Analysis

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Samples of FAM-labeled
dsDNAs and DBD601 were incubated for 10 min at room temperature
in buffer HN50 and then loaded on 8% acrylamide/bisacrylamide
1× TBE mini gels with running buffer prechilled at 4 °C.
Electrophoretic migration was conducted at a constant voltage of 80
V for 70 min at 4 °C. Gels were scanned using a Typhoon 9400
Variable Mode Imager (Amersham BioSciences, GE Healthcare Bio Sciences)
after excitation of the fluorophore with the blue laser (488 nm) setting.
EMSAs involving unlabeled DNA were subjected to identical incubation
and electrophoresis treatments, stained in 1× TBE buffer with
GelRed (Phenix Research, Candler, NC) for 15 min, and scanned on an
Alpha Imager HP imager (Protein Simple, Santa Clara, CA).
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2

Vascular Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Aortic inflammation and vascular insulin and VEGF signaling were analyzed by performing Western blots to examine IκBα degradation, a marker of NF-κBα activation, and insulin or VEGF-induced Akt phosphorylation (17 (link)–20 (link), 31 (link)). In addition, IκBα degradation was examined to test for the activation of the NF-κBα pathway by FFA in HUVECs. As described before (17 (link)–20 (link), 30 (link), 31 (link)), tissue and cells were lysed, and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), and probed with antibodies against IκBα and actin or phospho-Akt (Ser473) and Akt. Antibodies against IκBα, phospho-Akt (Ser473), and Akt (1:1,000) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA), and the actin (1:2,000) antibody was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The blots were developed with ECL plus (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ; or Pierce, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA), and band intensities (Typhoon 9400 variable mode imager Amersham Biosciences; or myECL Imager, Thermo Fisher) were quantified using Image Quant TL software (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ; or myImageAnalysis Software, Thermo Fisher).
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3

Ethidium Bromide Fluorescence Imaging

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Samples were 15 µM in nucleotides or ~ 0.8 µM in duplex concentration; the individual samples were incubated in 1 µg/mL ethidium bromide concentrations in 100 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM sodium phosphate, and 0.1 mM EDTA at pH 6.5 in PCR tubes. The tubes were imaged on a Typhoon 9400 Variable Mode Imager from Amersham Biosciences. Excitation for imaging occurred at 532 nm and emission was measured at 610 nm.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of α7-nAChR Signaling

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After pre-treatment with MLA or ACB or si-RNA of α7-nAChR or corynoxenine for 12 h, cells were infected for 24 h with either rL-RVG,NDV or PBS and then washed with ice-cold PBS for 3 times and lysed by using the lysis buffer RIPA containing 1 mM PMSF for 30 min on ice. Next the lysates were collected and the protein concentrations were quantified using a BCA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Equal quantities of protein were separated by using a 10% SDS-PAGE and the proteins were then transferred to polyvinylidinedifluoride (PVDF) membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The membranes were then blocked with 5% BSA in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST, at pH 7.5) for about 2 h at room temperature before washing them with TBST for 15 min for 3 times. Next the membranes were incubated with antibodies at 4 °C overnight with the following antibodies: anti-α7 nAChR, anti-P-MEK, anti-MEK, anti-P-ERK, anti-ERK, anti-E-cadherin, anti-N-cadherin and anti-Vementin. Proteins were detected with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. The protein bands were visualized with a Typhoon 9400 variable mode imager (Amersham Biosciences, UK) using chemiluminescence (ECL Plus Substrate, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).
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5

Biophysical Characterization of Rap1-DNA Interactions

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All fluorescence titrations were performed with an L-format PC1 spectrofluorimeter (ISS, Champaign, IL) equipped with Glenn-Thompson polarizers. Measurements of the anisotropy and total fluorescence intensity of FAM-labeled DNA were recorded using excitation and emission wavelengths of 480 nm and 530 nm respectively, as described (25 ). Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) of Rap1DBD with labeled or unlabeled dsDNAs were performed on 8% acrylamide/bisacrylamide 1X TBE mini gels with running buffer pre-chilled at 4 °C. Gels were scanned using a Typhoon 9400 Variable Mode Imager (Amersham BioSciences, GE Healthcare Bio Sciences, Piscataway, NJ) or for unlabeled DNAs stained with GelRed (Phenix Research, Candler, NC) and scanned on an Alpha Imager HP imager (Protein Simple, Santa Clara, CA).
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6

Zymosan-induced Atf3 and Hdac1 in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

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RAW 264.7 (ATCC) macrophages were incubated with zymosan (50µg/ml) for 6h. The NE-PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction kit (Thermo Scientific) was used to obtain nuclear extracts that were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-Atf3 (Santa Cruz) and anti-Hdac1 (Cell Signaling) antibodies. Immunoblots were developed using Luminata Forte Western HRP Substrate (Millipore), detected using a Typhoon 9400 variable mode imager (Amersham Biosciences), and quantified with ImageQuant TL.
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7

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis of Aorta and PVAT

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Western blot analysis was performed with lysates of aorta and PVAT as described (Conklin et al., 2015 (link); Haberzettl, McCracken, et al., 2016 (link)). Briefly, collected tissues were lysed in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris•HCl, pH 7.4; 150 mM NaCl; 1 mM EDTA; 0.25% sodium desoxycholate; 1% NP‐40; 1:100 protease inhibitor cocktail, Pierce, Rockford, IL; 1:100 phosphatase inhibitor, Sigma‐Aldrich) and proteins were separated by SDS‐PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Bio‐Rad, Hercules, CA). Membranes were probed with antibodies against phospho‐Akt (Ser473) and Akt (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), or protein–acrolein adducts, and then developed using ECL® plus reagent (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). Detected band intensities (Typhoon 9400 variable mode imager, Amersham Biosciences) were quantified using Image Quant TL software (Amersham Biosciences) and normalized either to appropriate loading controls or total protein staining (amido black).
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8

Mapping Nucleotide Cleavage Sites in mRNA

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2-dimensional thin layer chromatography was performed as previously described 43 . In brief, twice-purified polyadenylated mRNA was digested with T1 ribonuclease. This results in mRNA cleavage immediately following guanosine residues. The RNA mixture is then labeled with [γ-32 P]ATP using T4 PNK , so that all nucleotides following a guanosine are labelled with 32 P on the 5' end. Excess [γ-32 P]ATP is removed by apyrase. RNA is then digested into single nucleotides using P1 nuclease. The digested RNA was then spotted on PEI-cellullose plates and developed as previously described 43 . Radioactively labelled nucleotides were detected using a phosphor storage screen and Amersham Biosciences Typhoon 9400 Variable Mode Imager.
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9

Mapping Nucleotide Cleavage Sites in mRNA

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2-dimensional thin layer chromatography was performed as previously described 43 . In brief, twice-purified polyadenylated mRNA was digested with T1 ribonuclease. This results in mRNA cleavage immediately following guanosine residues. The RNA mixture is then labeled with [γ-32 P]ATP using T4 PNK , so that all nucleotides following a guanosine are labelled with 32 P on the 5' end. Excess [γ-32 P]ATP is removed by apyrase. RNA is then digested into single nucleotides using P1 nuclease. The digested RNA was then spotted on PEI-cellullose plates and developed as previously described 43 . Radioactively labelled nucleotides were detected using a phosphor storage screen and Amersham Biosciences Typhoon 9400 Variable Mode Imager.
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