Aortic inflammation and vascular insulin and VEGF signaling were analyzed by performing Western blots to examine IκBα degradation, a marker of NF-κBα activation, and insulin or VEGF-induced Akt phosphorylation (17 (
link)–20 (
link), 31 (
link)). In addition, IκBα degradation was examined to test for the activation of the NF-κBα pathway by FFA in HUVECs. As described before (17 (
link)–20 (
link), 30 (
link), 31 (
link)), tissue and cells were lysed, and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to
PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), and probed with antibodies against IκBα and actin or phospho-Akt (Ser473) and Akt. Antibodies against IκBα, phospho-Akt (Ser473), and Akt (1:1,000) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA), and the actin (1:2,000) antibody was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The blots were developed with
ECL plus (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ; or Pierce, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA), and band intensities (
Typhoon 9400 variable mode imager Amersham Biosciences; or
myECL Imager, Thermo Fisher) were quantified using
Image Quant TL software (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ; or
myImageAnalysis Software, Thermo Fisher).
Hill B.G., Rood B., Ribble A, & Haberzettl P. (2021). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) inhalation-induced alterations in the plasma lipidome as promoters of vascular inflammation and insulin resistance. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 320(5), H1836-H1850.