Sodium alginate

Indoxacarb (95%) was supplied by the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science. Castor oil 208 (CO208, OH number = 208 mg KOH/g) was provided by Fuyu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Dimethylol butanoic acid (DMBA) was purchased from Beijing Bailingwei Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), Triethylamine (TEA) and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent (Shanghai, China). Chromatographic-grade acetonitrile and methanol were acquired from Meridian Medical Technologies (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Sodium alginate (SA, 98%, M_W = 12,000–40,000) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.

Soybean Lecithin, cholesterol, and Tween 80 were purchased from Solaibao Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Chito-oligosaccharide (M_w < 3000 Da), chitosan (CH, M_w = 2.31 × 10⁵ Da), and sodium alginate (SA, M_w = 1.18 × 10⁵ Da) were provided by the Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Caco-2 cell lines were obtained from Dingguo Changsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Other reagents and chemicals were of analytical purity, and deionized distilled water was used in all experiments.

Chitosan (CS, level of deacetylation, 97%; ≥99.5% purity), Sodium alginate (SA, molecular weight in the range of 90–150 kDa; ≥97.7% purity), Calcium chloride (≥96.0% purity), β-carotene, BC (≥98% purity) and Vitamin B₂, VB (≥97% purity) were bought from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Soybean protein isolate (SPI, 91.6% protein) was purchased from DuPont Shineway Food Co., Ltd. (Luohe, China). The other chemicals were purchased from local shops in China.

Soy protein isolate (SPI, protein ≥ 90 %) was supplied by Shandong Yuwang Ecological Food Co., Ltd. (Yucheng, China). Sodium alginate (SA, purity ≥ 98 %) was obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sunflower oil was purchased from Jiusan Food Co., Ltd. (Harbin, China). All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.

Sodium alginate (biochemical grade, transferred to fix cells, and enzymes, etc.) and anhydrous calcium chloride were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). glutaraldehyde from Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co. (Shanghai, China), and beechwood xylan and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid from hanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). Maleic anhydride-modified xylanase (MA-XY) and wheat bran were made in the laboratory. All other reagents and chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.