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Formoterol

Manufactured by Merck Group
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Sourced in Spain, Germany, United States, Canada

Formoterol is a selective long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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Lab products found in correlation

Budesonide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Wortmannin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Dneasy blood tissue kit, by Qiagen (1 mentions) Formoterol, by Qiagen (1 mentions) Fitc dextran, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Transwell insert, by Corning (1 mentions) Montelukast, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Fitc dextran, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions) Tlrl pic, by InvivoGen (1 mentions) Evom2, by World Precision Instruments (1 mentions) Beclin 1, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) 3 methyladenine 3 ma, by Merck Group (1 mentions) P ulk1, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Atenolol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Isoprenaline, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Beclin 1, by Abcam (1 mentions) N myc, by Abcam (1 mentions) P creb, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Ici 118 551, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sbi 0206965, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Formoterol fumarate (3 citations) Formoterol fumarate dehydrate (3 citations)

12 protocols using formoterol

1

Formoterol Effects on Mitochondrial Biogenesis

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To determine the effects of formoterol on mitochondrial biogenesis, control and CBA/SIV/ART+ macaque myoblasts were seeded (60,000 cells/well) and cultured in media containing 30 nmol/L formoterol (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) or media for 6 h. β2 receptors are expressed by myoblasts. At completion of incubation, RNA was extracted with RNeasy Mini Universal kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) for determining PGC‐1α expression. To determine formoterol effects on mtDNA copy number, control and CBA/SIV/ART+ macaque myoblasts were cultured in media containing 30 nmol/L formoterol or media for 24 h. DNA was extracted using DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit (Qiagen) and mtDNA copy number (mtDNA/Nuclear DNA: Dloop/B2M) (Jackson et al. 2012) determined. The primers are the following, Dloop Forward 5′‐CAA GAT CGC CCA CAC GTT C‐3′ and Reverse 5′‐ AAA TCT CCC GTG ACT GGT TA‐3′; B2M Forward 5′‐TGT AAG CAG CAT CAT GGA GGT ‐3′ and Reverse 5′‐TGT TCT CCA CAT AGT GAG GGT‐3′.
Duplanty A.A., Siggins R.W., Allerton T., Simon L, & Molina P.E. (2018). Myoblast mitochondrial respiration is decreased in chronic binge alcohol administered simian immunodeficiency virus‐infected antiretroviral‐treated rhesus macaques. Physiological Reports, 6(5), e13625.
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2

Assessing Bronchial Epithelial Barrier Function

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Monolayers of human 16HBE bronchial epithelial cells passage 17–20 (a gift from Dr. D. C. Gruenert, University of California San Francisco, CA) were grown on Transwell inserts (Corning; polyester inserts with 0.4 um pores and 0.33 cm2 growth area) then exposed to low-dose poly I:C (0.05 or 0.5 μg/ml, InvivoGen Cat#tlrl-pic; Version#11C21-MM), a synthetic analog of viral double stranded RNA. Barrier function was measured with trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) at 6, 24, and 48 hrs after polyI:C treatment using a voltometer (World Precision Instruments EVOM2). At 48 hrs after treatment, 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran (Sigma, used at 10 μg/ml) was applied apically and accumulation of FITC-dextran into the basal chamber was quantified with a Beckman Coulter DTX 880 Multimode fluorescent plate reader 2 hrs later. To assess the effects of selected medications on cell permeability, monolayers were treated with 1–10 μM budesonide (Sigma), montelukast (Sigma), or formoterol (Sigma) 18 hrs prior to polyI:C challenge.
Rimmer C., Hetelekides S., Eliseeva S.I., Georas S.N, & Veazey J.M. (2021). Budesonide promotes airway epithelial barrier integrity following double-stranded RNA challenge. PLoS ONE, 16(12), e0260706.
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3

Molecular Regulation of Autophagy Pathways

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Isoprenaline (ISO, I5627), formoterol (product no. F9552), ICI118,551 (product no. I127), atenolol (product no. A7655) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA, product no. M9281) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich/Merck. SBI-0206965 was procured from Selleck Chemicals. Antibodies for β1-AR (product no. ab3442), β2-AR (product no. ab182136), N-MYC (product no. ab24193), and Beclin-1 (product no. ab109631 for IHC assay) were obtained from Abcam. Antibodies for LC3B (product no. 3868), Beclin-1 (product no. 3495), CREB (product no. 48H2), p-CREB (product no. 87G3), p-ULK1 (product no. 5869S) and ULK1 (product no. 8054T) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. LC3-II (cat. no. A11923) for IHC staining was purchased from Abclonal. ULK1 for the IHC assay was obtained from Zen BioScience.
Deng J., Jiang P., Yang T., Huang M., Xie J., Luo C., Qi W., Zhou T., Yang Z., Zou Y., Gao G, & Yang X. (2019). β2-adrenergic receptor signaling promotes neuroblastoma cell proliferation by activating autophagy. Oncology Reports, 42(4), 1295-1306.
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4

Zymosan-Induced Inflammation Modulation

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All animal protocols were performed in accordance with the regulations of the Regierungspräsidium Tübingen and the local ethics committee. The mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 1 ml of zymosan A (ZyA: 1 mg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich,) and subsequently with either vehicle or 0.5 μg of RGM-A peptide in a total volume of 150 μl. The β2 agonist Formoterol (Sigma-Aldrich, 50 μg/kg body weight, #F9552) was injected i.p. together with ZyA and RGM-A or vehicle and then every 12 h. To induce a chemical sympathectomy 6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride (6-OHD; Santa Cruz, #sc-203482, 100 mg/kg body weight with 0.1% Ascorbic acid in PBS) or vehicle were administered i.p. 7, 5, 3 d prior to ZyA and vehicle or RGM-A injections Peritoneal fluids and tissues were obtained at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h and prepared as previously described10 (link). The collected exudates were washed, suspended in Hanks’ balanced salt solution and counted, and Cytospin samples were prepared.
Körner A., Schlegel M., Kaussen T., Gudernatsch V., Hansmann G., Schumacher T., Giera M, & Mirakaj V. (2019). Sympathetic nervous system controls resolution of inflammation via regulation of repulsive guidance molecule A. Nature Communications, 10, 633.
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5

Investigating Allergic Responses to Environmental Allergens

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The Ags, available as commercial extracts, included D1 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), G3 (Dactylis glomerata), T9 (Olea europaea), M6(Alternaria alternata) and W6 (Artemisia vulgaris) and were purchased from Diater, (Madrid, Spain). Wortmannin, PD098059, SB203580, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyaceto-phenone (HMAP), 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), cyclosporin A (CsA), cell permeable NFAT inhibitor (VIVIT), tiotropium bromide, budesonide, formoterol, were from Sigma-Aldrich Co (Madrid, Spain). IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-10 were from Preprotech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). Ficoll-hypaque, phosphate-buffered saline, RPMI 1640, fetal bovine serum, penicillin/streptomycin and goat anti-human IgE (α-IgE) were purchased from Thermo-Fisher Invitrogen (San Diego, CA, USA). All cultured reagents had endotoxin levels of ≤ 0.01 ng/ml, as tested by the Limulus lysate assay (Coatest, Chromogenix, Mölndal, Sweden).
Vega-Rioja A., Chacón P., Fernández-Delgado L., Doukkali B., del Valle Rodríguez A., Perkins J.R., Ranea J.A., Dominguez-Cereijo L., Pérez-Machuca B.M., Palacios R., Rodríguez D., Monteseirín J, & Ribas-Pérez D. (2022). Regulation and directed inhibition of ECP production by human neutrophils. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 1015529.
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6

Modulation of Airway Smooth Muscle

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Mouse and human PCLSs were treated with 10μM MCh in DMEM/F-12 with anti-anti for 2.5 days. Primary human ASM cells were maintained in DMEM/F12 with 0.5% FBS and treated with 10μM MCh for 2.5 days. To block PI3K, 10μM ly294002 (EMD Millipore, 19–142) or 100nM wortmannin (Sigma-Aldrich, W3144) was applied to cultures simultaneously with MCh. For β adrenergic agonist treatment, human PCLSs were treated with MCh and 5nM Formoterol (Sigma-Aldrich, F9552). Culture media were changed every 24 hours. To block CD38-cADPR, 100μM 8-Br-cADPR (Enzo Life Sciences, BML-CA417-0500) was added to ASM cultures 30 minutes prior to Ca2+ imaging.
Bai Y., Guedes A.G., Krishnan R, & Ai X. (2021). CD38 plays an age-related role in cholinergic deregulation of airway smooth muscle contractility. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 149(5), 1643-1654.e8.
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7

Polarizing Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

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Human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy volunteers or human leukapheresis collars from the Blood Bank of Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with 10 ng/ml human recombinant GM-CSF (Macs Milteny Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), 100 ng/ml M-CSF (Macs Milteny) or 250 ng of RGM-A peptide at 37 °C for 7 d. For polarization, M1 (cultured with GM-CSF for 7 d) or M2 (cultured with M-CSF for 7 d) macrophages were stimulated with 100 ng of TNF-α (Promokine, Heidelberg, Germany) ± 250 ng of RGM-A peptide ± 100 nM of formoterol (Sigma-Aldrich) for 24 h, and then transcriptional analysis was performed.
Körner A., Schlegel M., Kaussen T., Gudernatsch V., Hansmann G., Schumacher T., Giera M, & Mirakaj V. (2019). Sympathetic nervous system controls resolution of inflammation via regulation of repulsive guidance molecule A. Nature Communications, 10, 633.
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8

Airway Extravasation Response Mechanisms

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Four series of experiments were carried out. Series 1 aimed to determine if airway extravasation was generated by the increase of tracheal temperature (Ttr) induced by the HWA challenge; and to compare the responses between control and Ova-sensitized rats. Both control and sensitized rats were divided into two groups (n=6 in each group) for HWA and HRA challenges. Series 2: To investigate the role of the endogenous tachykinins, the HWA-induced extravasation responses in Ova-sensitized rats were compared between a control group (pretreated with vehicle) and a group pretreated with a combination of L-732138 (6 mg/kg iv; Tocris, Ellisville, MO), a selective NK-1 antagonist, and SR-48968 (1 mg/kg iv; Sanofi Recherche, Montpellier, France), a selective NK-2 antagonist 20 min earlier. Series 3: To determine the relative contributions of NK-1 and NK-2 receptors, the HWA-induced extravasation responses were compared between two groups of Ova-sensitized rats pretreated with L-732138 alone and SR-48968 alone, respectively, 20 min earlier. Series 4: To study the role of β2 adrenoceptors, the HWA-induced extravasation responses were determined in Ova-sensitized rats pretreated with formoterol (10 µg/kg iv; Sigma-Aldrich), a selective β2 agonist, 60 min earlier.
Hsu C.C., Tapia R.J, & Lee L.Y. (2015). Airway extravasation induced by increasing airway temperature in ovalbumin-sensitized rats. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 0, 46-49.
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9

Modulation of Signaling Pathways

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Carbachol (carbamoyl choline chloride), formoterol (formoterol fumarate dihydrate), isoprenaline (ISO – isoproterenol hydrochloride), salmeterol (salmeterol xinafoate), bradykinin (bradykinin acetate salt) and perchloric acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LY294002 was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbour, MI, USA), and CAL‐101 was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Y27632 was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). Rho activity assay kit was purchased from Cytoskeleton (Denver, CO, USA). Constructs (siRNA) targeting PI3K p110γ and δ were purchased from Qiagen (The Netherlands). Antibodies for detection of pMYPT1‐Thr696 (5163S), pAkt (4060S), pMLC (3674S) and tubulin (3873S) were purchased from Cell Signalling Technologies (Danvers, MA, USA). Pharmacological properties of the inhibitors utilized in these studies are found in Supporting Information Table S1.
Koziol‐White C.J., Yoo E.J., Cao G., Zhang J., Papanikolaou E., Pushkarsky I., Andrews A., Himes B.E., Damoiseaux R.D., Liggett S.B., Di Carlo D., Kurten R.C, & Panettieri RA J.r. (2016). Inhibition of PI3K promotes dilation of human small airways in a rho kinase‐dependent manner. British Journal of Pharmacology, 173(18), 2726-2738.
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10

Pharmacological Modulation of Receptor Signaling

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Formoterol (F9552, Sigma) and ICI 118,551 (HY-13951, MedChemExpress) were diluted in saline and administered intraperitoneally at dosages of 2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively. To block the effects of Formoterol, ICI 118,551 was administered 30 min before Formoterol. Fluoxetine (F132, Sigma) diluted in saline was administered intraperitoneally at dosage of 20 mg/kg daily for 14 days.
Liu S., Xiu J., Zhu C., Meng K., Li C., Han R., Du T., Li L., Xu L., Liu R., Zhu W., Shen Y, & Xu Q. (2021). Fat mass and obesity-associated protein regulates RNA methylation associated with depression-like behavior in mice. Nature Communications, 12, 6937.
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